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EXERCISES 



IN 



E N G- LI S H 



BY 



EDWAED GIDEOI^, 

PRINCIPAL OF THE GEORGE G. MEADE GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 
PHILADELPHIA. 



REVISED EDITION. 




PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YOKK: 
HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE. 






LIBRARY of CONGRESS. 
Two Copies Received 

NOV 26 1904 



, Copyriffni tntry 
CUSS /} 






>PY B. 



^V 




..o^o* 

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1904, by 

HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE, 

in the OflSce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
■ ..o^o- 



*- 



WESTCOTT & THOMSON, 
ELECTROTYPEKS, PHILADA. 



-* 




Modern educators have generally reached the follow- 
ing conclusions respecting the study of grammar: 

1. That the study of the text-book on the subject, as a 
means whereby the student can acquire a correct use of 
the mother-tongue, is a vexation of spirit in its prepara- 
tion, a weariness of the flesh in its continuance and a 
lamentable failure in its results. 

2. That the presentation of examples of false syntax 
as a means whereby correct speech can be acquired is at 
least unprofessional, unproductive of the desired result 
and possibly dangerous. 

3. That as a child learns its forms and methods of 
speech, whether correct or incorrect, from its home asso- 
ciates and playmates, so the pupil in school should con- 
tinue to receive the additions to its vocabulary and its 
forms of speech by a constant systematic use of correct 
forms ; not servilely copied, but originating in the effort 
to express knowledge already acquired. 

To aid in the demonstration of this last proposition, 
the " Lessons in Language " and the " Exercises in Eng- 
lish " were prepared. 

If a correct style of speaking and writing English can 
best be acquired by constant practice in the use of proper 
grammatical forms ; if these forms can best be deduced 
from examples in which the pupil shall be required to 

3 



4 Preface. 

do, to detect, to originate ; if this practice shall be suffi- 
ciently extensive to cover the most essential points in 
the grammar of the language, — then the purpose of the 
author and compiler will be accomplished. 

No innovation has been made upon the subject-matter 
of grammar, no oddities have been attempted, no ex- 
amples of false syntax have been formally presented. 
While much has been given in the way of definitions 
and rules deduced from practical work, much more has 
been left to the taste and discretion of the teacher. The 
book may displace a text-book, but it can never supplant 
the teacher. 

To attempt to perform all the exercises of any Part of 
the book during the usual school term would perhaps 
be impossible. Other exercises upon grammatical points 
not named in the book may be needed. The judgment 
of the teacher must in all cases be the guide for present 
action. 

Some of the exercises have been taken from educa- 
tional journals. Suggestions and exercises of especial 
value have been taken from the Canadian School Journal, 
the New England Journal of Education^ the School Journal, 
Intelligence and other valuable school periodicals. 

That the book by judicious use may become a help- 
meet for the teacher, and that the weary hours pursued 
in the preparation of language-work may be avoided, is 
the sincere hope of the author. 

E. G. 




INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



SECTION 

Adjectives 22, 23 

Adverbs • • 25,26 

Apposition .,.....».••• • • l'^4 

Bills and Keceipts 29, 92, 141 

Case ^3, 78 

Change of Form 191 

Clause 11^ 

Comparison 88, 89 

Composition 49,50,93,181-183 

Conjunctions 80 

Contractions 96 

Conversation Subjects 45-47, 100, 101 

Descriptions 46,179,180 

Equivalent Expression 193-196 

Figures of Speech 197-207 

Filling Blanks 33-37,78,81,87,98,99,222-228 

Gender 72 

General Exercises 208-228 

Intei-jections 82 

Letters 29, 90, 143 

Modifiei-s 119 

Mood 146 

Number and Person of Verb 84, 85 

Oral Description 46 

Participles • ' • 149, 150 

Phrase 68 

Picture Eepresentation 1-5, 50 

Possessive Forms , 20, 21 

Prepositions 68 

Pronouns 69, 71, 79, 110, 115 

Prose Order 50, 51, 95, 174 

Punctuation 38, 40 

5 



6 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 

SECTION 

Eules of Syntax 162-173 

Sentence Contraction 188-190 

Sentence Expansion , 184-187 

Sentence Forms 116, 117 

Sentence Making . . 19-30, 41-44, 48, 61-66, 86, 91, 94-97, 105-109, 

156, 176-178 

Stories for Keproduction 6-10, 56-60, 176-178 

Stories from Suggestions . 53-55, 100, 101 

Syllabus . 52,102,175 

Tense 147 

Verbs 144-148, 151-153, 160 

Voice 145 



Learn to do by doing: 



EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. 



PART L 




1. Describe the scenery in this picture. 

What are the boys doing ? 

What has happened ? 

Write a story about sledding or coasting. 

Tell how a sled is made. 

Write a story about skating. 

Tell your own experience in sledding, sliding, skating, 
snow-balling, building snow forts. 

Tell any story that you have read about snow-shaes, 
hunting wild animals in winter, cutting ice. 

7 



Exercises in English. 




2. Describe the scenery in this picture. 

What season of the year do you think it is ? 

Why do you think so? 

What are the boys doing ? 

Write a story about fishing, boating. 

What kind of fish are caught in fresh water ? 

What kind of fish are caught in salt water ? 

Describe a method of catching fish. 

Name some noted fisheries. 

Write a story about a steamboat excursion. 

What other form of sport can you add to the picture ? 

Teil how the row-boat is made to move through the 
water. 

Tell how the steamboat is made to move through the 
water. 

Tell any story that you have read about the dangers of 
boating, steamboat excursions, accidents on the water, 
Qcean fishing, 



Exercises in English. 




3. Describe this picture. 

Tell what the different persons are doing. 

Name some of the articles which are for sale. 

Tell where each of these articles came from. 

Tell how each article was raised or made. 

What do you think each article cost ? 

What articles do you think the boy has been buy- 
ing? 

Make out a receipted bill for the articles. 

Name some other articles that are usually sold by 
grocers. 

From what causes are grocers liable to lose money ? 

What care must grocers take to avoid losses ? 

How does a grocer make a living ? 

What care should you take in buying anything ? 

Tell some of the mistakes you have made in buying 
groceries. 

Tell some of the mistakes that grocers have made. 



10 



Exercises in English. 




4. Describe this picture. 

What is the boy at the black-board doing ? 

What map is he drawing ? 

What is the teacher doing ? 

What are the other pupils doing ? 

Can you tell how you would draw a map of the hem- 
ispheres ? 

Tell where you would place the equator, the tropics, 
the meridians. 

Tell how you would represent the zones. 

What country do you think he is drawing ? What is 
its size ? Where is it ? How would you go there from 
where you live ? Tell how you would go to California, to 
Brazil. 

Give your experience in drawing a map for the first 
time. 

By what other way than by drawing can a country be 
represented ? 



Exercises in English. 



11 




5. Describe this picture. 

What are the different persons doing ? 
. What river do you think it is ? 

What city do you think it is ? 

If it is New Orleans, with what would the vessel be 
loaded? 

If Charleston ? If Philadelphia ? 

If the vessel came from Rio Janeiro, of what would the 
cargo probably consist? 

If it came from any one of the following places, of what 
would the cargo consist ? 

Norfolk, Baltimore, Boston, San Francisco, Bahia. 

What articles would the vessel be likely to take back 
to these places if the vessel came to Philadelphia? to New 
York ? to Savannah ? 

Where would a cargo of rice be obtained? 

Give an account of some sea-voyage about which you 
have read. 



12 Exercises in English. 

6. A Thoughtful Girl. 

The first settlers in this country were often obliged to 
live in strong forts, on account of the savages who prowled 
about the fields and woods ready to kill or capture all 
who came in their way. One day two little girls slipped 
outside the gate and ran down in a hollow near the fort 
to pick berries. They had not been there long before a 
sudden flash of light made the older girl look up, and 
she saw an Indian moving stealthily among the bushes ; 
in his hand was a long glittering knife from which the 
flash of light had come. She looked toward the fort, and 
there was another Indian creeping along in the grass be- 
tween her and home. She knew it was not best to let 
them know she had seen them, so she called to her sister, 
" Bessie, I think it's going to rain ; we had better be going 
home." They had started slowly, but as soon as they 
reached the long grass they dropped on their hands and 
knees and crawled swiftly through it till they were in the 
road ; then they ran quickly to the fort, and the gate closed 
safely behind them. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, thoughtful^ obliged, 
prowled, capture, stealthily, glittering, crawled, swiftly? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

Name the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of 
the subjects, and the modifiers of the predicates in the 
story. 

Name the marks of punctuation. 



7. A Monkey's Trick. 

A cook once owned a monkey, a pert fellow who knew 
ever so many tricks. One day the cook gave him two 



Exercises in English. 13 

partridges to pluck, and, seating himself by the open win- 
dow, he went to work. He had picked the feathers from 
one of the partridges, and placed it on the outer ledge of 
the window with a satisfied grunt, when a hawk suddenly 
pounced down from one of the trees near by and bore off 
the plucked bird. Master Monkey was angry, and shook 
his fist at the hawk, which perched on a limb not far ofi' 
and began to eat the bird with great relish. The monkey 
plucked the other partridge, laid it in the same place, and 
hid behind the window-screen. The hawk flew down 
after it, when the monkey quickly caught the thief In 
a moment he wrung the hawk's head off, and soon had it 
plucked. Taking the two birds iq the cook, the monkey 
handed them to him, as if to say, " Here are your two 
partridges." The cook thought the birds looked queer, 
but served them on the table. The owner of the house 
shook his head when he saw the dish, and, telling the 
cook of the trick, laughed heartily. 

Kead this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, owned, pert, satisfied, 
suddenly, pounced, perched, relish, screen, queer, heartily? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

Name the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of 
the subjects, and the modifiers of the predicates in tlie 
story. 

Name the marks of punctuation. 



8. A Lazy Boy Cured. 

Tom was a very lazy boy. One day when his mother 
sent him out to get wood he resolved to run away, so that 
he would not have to work any more. He went a little 
way, then sat down under a large tree to rest. In a few 



14 Exercises in English. 

minutes he felt himself carried along in a boat, in the 
other end of which he soon found there was a fairy. He 
asked where they were going. She said, " To Fairyland." 
On they sailed until they reached the land where the 
fairies dwell. Tom was taken at once to the queen, who, 
as soon as she saw him, touched a silver bell, and up 
sprang an ugly little dwarf from the floor at her feet. 

" Take this boy down to your kingdom," she said, " and 
set him to work." 

" To work " ! Poor Tom's heart sank at that, but he was 
taken below and told what he must do. He must chop 
a great pile of wood with a very dull axe ; and if he did 
not get it all done that day, he would have to do twice as 
much the next. Poor Tom ! he chopped and chopped till 
his legs and back ached, but he could not get it done. 
While he was wondering what he should do he heard his 
mother calling him. 

" Why, Tom, where have you been so long?" she said. 
Then Tom told her that he had sat down to rest a few 
minutes and fell asleep. " But you will not have to wait 
for your wood again, mother," he said ; and ever afterward 
he kept his mother's wood-box full, and learned to do his 
share of work. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, lazy, resolved, dwarf, 
wondering, share, fairy ? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

Name the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of 
the subjects, and the modifiers of the predicates in the 
story. 

Name the marks of punctuation. 



Exercises in English. 15 



9. The Father and His Sons. 

A farmer had a family of sons who were constantly 
quarrelling among themselves. Failing to stop their dis- 
putes by his appeals, he one day told them to bring him 
a bundle of sticks. When they had done so, he placed 
the bundle in the hands of each of the sons in succes- 
sion and ordered him to break it in pieces. Each boy 
tried with all his strength, but was unable to break the 
bundle. He then unbound the fagot, and, giving each 
boy a stick, requested him to break it, which he easily 
did. He then said to them. : " My sons, if you are of one 
mind, and unite to assist one another, you will be as this 
fagot — uninjured by the attempts of your enemies ; but 
if you are divided among yourselves, you will be broken 
as easily as these sticks." 

In union there is strength. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, constantly^ quarrel- 
ling, failing, disputes, appeals, succession, fagot, ordered, 
enemies, unite, divided, assist, uninjured f 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

Name the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of 
the subjects, and the modifiers of the predicates in the 
story. 

Use other modifiers if you can with each subject and 
with each predicate. 

Rewrite the story, using other words or expressions 
than those of which you have given the meaning, and 
also using additional modifiers to subjects and predicates. 

Name the marks of punctuation. 



16 Exercises in English. 

10. Captain John Smith. 

In 1607 settlement by the English began in real earn- 
est. Several good men, having had permission from the 
English government to come to America and settle a col- 
ony, set sail from London. They reached the mouth of a 
river in Virginia which they named the James, in honor 
of the English king. The town they founded they called 
Jamestown. 

One of the principal men of this company was John 
Smith. He was a very wise, good man and seemed al- 
ways to do the right thing at just the right time. 

One adventure of his in Virginia will show you what 
a brave man he was, and how a little Indian girl saved 
his life. John Smith had started up the river on an ex- 
ploring expedition. Some Indians had been watching ; 
and when Smith left his boat, they seized it, scalped the 
men he had left with it, and then ran to overtake Smith 
himself. 

When he saw them coming, he turned and fought them 
so furiously that, although there were many of them, 
the}^ had much trouble to secure him. They led him to 
their camp. Here he showed them his compass and told 
them how the needle always turned to the north. This 
amused the Indians so much that they allowed him to 
live several days in peace. They decided at last that he 
was so wise that he was dangerous to have about, and 
that the sooner he was killed the safer it would be for 
them. So, having held a long council, and having per- 
formed some wonderful war-dances over him, he was led 
forth to be killed. 

Capt. Smith could see no way of escape, and, as he used 
to tell afterward, he was more frightened than he had 
been when he was thrown overboard, or when he fought 
the Turks. 



Exercises in English. 17 

He was brought out, bound hand and foot, his head 
laid upon a flat stone, and the Indian chief had already 
raised his war-club to dash out his brains, when Poca- 
hontas, a bright little Indian girl, threw her arms around 
John Smith's neck and begged the chief to spare his life. 
Strange to say, the cruel old chief seemed moved by the 
child's pleading, and the prisoner was released and al- 
lowed to return to Jamestown. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, settlement, 'permission^ 
government, principal, adventure, exploring, expedition, furi- 
ously, secure, compass, amused, allowed, decided, dangerous, 
performed, wonderful, council, escape, pleading, released ? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

Name the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of 
the subjects, and the modifiers of the predicates in the 
story. 

If you can, add other modifiers to the subjects and 
predicates of the story. 

Rewrite the story, using other words or expressions in 
the place of those of which you have given the meaning, 
and also using additional modifiers to the subjects and 
predicates. 



1 1 . Use the following words in sentences : 
Horse, deer, fish, fishery, fireplace, fireman, tax, style, 
story, substitute, postal-card, zephyr, witness, window^ 
vote, volcano, vault, varnish, witch, volunteer, windlass, 
yolk, umpire, tunnel, plum, apple, cherry, poison, police- 
man, poodle, infant, idol, postman, prairie, potato, ice- 
house, hymn, hydrant, hero, guinea, gulley, grocer, grand- 
child, granary, president, forgery, home. 



18 Exercises in English. 

12. Describe in short sentences — 

A pen-holder. ^ A lead-pencil. 

A knife. A fork. 

A chair. A stool. 

A kite. A top. 

A cart. A carriage. 

A hen. A duck. 



13. Imagine that you see a cat a mouse, and a bird 
in a cage. 

In short sentences describe each, and tell what you 
think it is doing ; what will happen. 
Tell a story about them. 

Imagine that you see the following persons or things, 
describe each, and tell a story about them : 
A dog, a boy and a sled. 
A girl, a hoop and a tree. 
A man, a horse and a flag. 
A sheep, a goat and a dog. 
A woman, a book and a flower. 
An apple tree, a fence and a boy. 



14. Write sentences about each of the following: 
The position of North America. Its surface. 

Its boundaries. Its vegetation. 

Its climate. Its minerals. 

Its animals. Its political divisions. 

The productions of South America. 

Its imports. Its exports. 

Its mountains. Its rivers. 

Combine two or more of the sentences you have writ- 
ten into one sentence. 



Exercises in English. 19 

15. Write sentences about each of the following: 
The boundaries of the United States. 

Its extent. Its surface. 

Its land divisions. Its water divisions. 

Its climate. Its minerals. 

Its imports. Its exports. 



16. Write sentences about each of the following: 

The discovery of America. De Soto. 

Christopher Columbus. Champlain. 

Henry Hudson. William Penn. 

Benjamin Franklin. Abraham Lincoln. 

The Pilgrims. John Smith. 

The Dutch Settlements. Fulton. 

The Spanish Settlements. Morse. 

The French Explorers. Bunker Hill. 



IT. Write sentences about each of the following: 
George Washington. John Cabot. 

General Grant. Philadelphia. 

The New England Colonies. Pennsylvania. 

The Declaration of Independence. Magellan. 
Combine two or more of the sentences you have writ- 
ten into one sentence. 



18. Write sentences about each of the following: 
Plants. The different parts of a plant. 
The useful plants. Dangerous plants. 

The plants of the Torrid Zone. 
Iron. Gold. Copper. 



19. Write a connected statement in the form of a para- 
graph consisting of three or more sentences about the 
following : 



20 Exercises in English. 

Coal-mining. Wheat-raising. Cotton-growing. 

Sugar-planting. Rice-culture. Railroads. 

The Mississippi River. The Revolution. 

The Indians. Steamboats. The. Civil War. 



20. Change the following expressions to the possessive 
form by the use of the apostrophe and s : 

The claw of the cat. The wing of the eagle. The cap 
of the boy. The hoop of the girl. The milk of the cow. 
The horn of the goat. The wool of sheep. The love of 
the mother. The play of boys. The cry of children. 
The life of a miner. The hardship of the laborer. The 
work of a day. 



21. Change the following possessive forms to phrase 
forms, thus : The children's books. The books of the 
children. 

The man's story. The soldier's gun. The woman's 
son. My father's farm. The boy's top. The girl's fan. 
The eagle's wing. Cats' claws. Horses' heads. 

Write these expressions in sentences. 

Write the equivalent expressions in sentences. 

In the sentences you have written in this section name 
the subjects, name the predicates, name the adjective 
modifiers of the subject. 



22. In the sentence — 

A wooden bridge was destroyed, name the subject, the . 
predicate, the adjective modifier of the subject. 
In the sentence — 
A bridge of wood was destroyed, name the subject, the 



Exercises in English. 21 

predicate, and tell what words take the place of the adjec- 
tive modifier used in the first sentence. 

Two or more words taken together, having the use of 
an adjective, are used as a modifier of the subject. 

Change the adjectives in the following sentences to other 
words having the same meaning : 

The iron band was broken. 

April showers bring May flowers. 

The mountain-top was covered with snow. 

December winds are cold. 

The red-cheeked apples will soon be ripe. 

Fiery eyes were seen. 

Home joys are sweetest. 

A pale-faced boy looked into the window. 

The forest-trees were broken. 

The sweet tones of the evening-bells were heard. 

Did you go across the wheat-field ? 

A city boy came to the farm. 

Spring violets are here. 

We have a pear orchard near the house. 



23. Change such part of each of the following ex- 
pressions to single words as can be so changed, and use 
each word so changed in a sentence. In each sentence, 
name the subject, the predicate, and the modifiers of 
each : 

The bed of flowers. A scene of beauty. The shadows 
of night. A cottage with white walls. A church with a 
steep roof. The grass of the meadow. A man of truth. 
A girl with blue eyes. A storm of sleet. The lid of the 
stove. The glass of the window. The flowers of the gar- 
den. The birds of the forest. The light of the morning. 
The clouds of evening. A house with two stories. A 
*boy with a dirty face. Oranges from Florida. Wheat 



22 Exercises in English. 

from Minnesota. Tea from Japan. Sugar from Louisi- 
ana. Rice from South Carolina. Cotton from Georgia. 
The dew of the morning. The hay from the meadow. 
A girl from the country. A man of wealth. Frosts of 
spring. Days of sorrow. The water of the sea. 

Change the sentences to the interrogative form. 

What mark is placed at the end of each sentence ? 

With what kind of a letter does each sentence begin ? 



24. In the sentence — 

The man walks rapidly, name the subject, the predi- 
cate, the modifier of the predicate. 

In the sentence — 

The man walks in a rapid manner, what is the sub- 
ject? The predicate? What group of words takes the 
place of the modifier of the predicate ? 

Two or more words taken together may be used as a 
modifier of the predicate. 

Change the modifiers in the following sentences to 
groups of words having the same meaning : 

The man walks slowly. 

The procession moved quickly. 

Come here. Read now. Go there. The bird sings 
sweetly. The messenger comes weekly. He endured the 
pain patiently. He defended his brother courageously. 
Assist a friend readily. Do not speak foolishly. Where 
are you going ? The prisoners were shamefully treated. 



25. Change as much of the following expressions as 
you can to single words, and use each word so changed 
in a sentence : 

In a sober manner. To this place. To that place. In 



Exercises in English. 23 

what place ? At this time. At that time. In an easy 
manner. In a smooth manner. In a neat manner. With 
anger. With grace. 



26. Modifiers of the predicate answer to the question- 
words, why, when, where, how. He is going to London. 
Where is he going ? To London. He is going to-day. 
When is he going ? To-day. He is going by steamer. 
How is he going? By steamer. He is going for his 
health. Why is he going? For his health. The ex- 
pressions To London, To-day, By steamer. For his health, 
are modifiers of the predicate. 

Name the modifiers in the following sentences : 

The boy found a nest in the hay-mow. The thrush 
sings in the tree. The oaken bucket hung in the well. 
The rascals ran around the corner. The ox is lying in 
the shade under the tree. March has come with winds 
and clouds. The cows feed in the meadow. Henry 
laughed at his mistake. Susan walks with a languid 
step. The chair was removed by the servant. The man 
acted in a noble manner. The moon will rise in a short 
time. His father was buried in this place. The soldier 
leaned against the wall. 

The beggar lived in a wretched manner in an old hut. 

Washington died at Mount Vernon in the year 1799. 

The Normans conquered England in the eleventh cen- 
tury. 

The Declaration of Independence was made on the 4th 
of July, 1776, in Philadelphia, at the State-House, by the 
Continental Congress. 

Analyze each sentence by naming its subject, predicate, 
modifiers of the subject^ and modifiers of the predicate. 



24 Exercises in Mnglish. 

2,1 , Give the meanings of the following words, and 
use each of them in a sentence : 

Fir, fur; gilt, guilt; herd, heard; hew, hue; hoard, 
horde ; hoop, whoop ; isle, aisle ; knew, new ; indict, in- 
dite ; made, maid ; maze, maize ; mete, meat, meet. 

Nay, neigh ; need, knead ; oar, ore ; pause, paws ; 
pore, pour; raise, raze, rays; reed, read; right, rite, write, 
wright ; road, rowed ; scene, seen ; stare, stair. 

Thrown, throne ; vain, vane, vein ; week, weak ; wood, 
w^ould; air, ere, heir; altar, alter; ascent, assent; ate, 
eight; aught, ought; bare, bear; beau, bow. 

Berry, bury; bough, bow; cede, seed; cellar, seller; 
cent, sent, scent; cere, sere, sear, seer; choose, chews; 
cite, site, sight; clause, claws; council, counsel. 

Dear, deer; fain, feign; flea, flee; flour, flower; flue, 
flew ; forth, fourth ; stake, steak ; been, bin ; creak, 
creek; mite, might. 



28. Write sentences containing the following words: 

Spaniards, tranquillity, fortress, batteries, cordial, jeal- 
ous, enfeeble, principles, chief, believe, conceit, columns, 
country, Cortez, deceive, Montezuma, fascinate, conscious. 

Parallel, Winnipeg, guard, color, coming, crocodile, 
governor, wounded, De Soto, socket, cylinder, awful, 
raisins, syllable, fourteenth, ligament, Portuguese, privi- 
lege, variety, walrus. 

Behavior, prairie, Louisiana, couple, piercing, soldier, 
alligator, necessary, oblige, machine, precious, honesty, 
receiving, cocoanut, banana, cherries, independence, ener- 
getic, tissues, massacre. 

Sleighing, chimneys, scenery, alimentary, persuade/ 
Sierra Madre, separate, settlement, seizing, movable^ 
Caribbean, government, business, Iowa, Michigan, squir^ 
rel, quarrel j roughly, naughty, bedstead. 



Exercises in English. 25 

29. 1709 Race St., 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

June 19, 1904. 
Mr. John A. Wilson, 

No. 2114 Vine St., Philadelphia. 
Dear Sir : Please send me, as soon as convenient, the fol- 
lowing articles : 
10 lbs. Rice. 
25 lbs. Sugar. 
5 lbs. Butter. 
50 lbs. Flour. 
Please send receipted bill with the articles. 

Yours respectfully, 

John Atkinson. 





STAMP. 




■n-'tez^ 



In this letter notice the position of the date, the ad- 
dress, the salutation, the beginning of the body of the 
letter, the margin, the complimentary closing, the signa- 
ture, the position of the name, residence, city, and stamp 
on the envelope, 

John Sanderson visited his cousin at Lancaster, Pa. 
After he returned to his home, in Philadelphia, he wrote 
a letter to him, thanking him for the kindness shown to 
him, and for the pleasant time he had in consequence. 



26 Exercises in English. 

Write the letter which you think he may have written, 
and direct the envelope. 

Geo. H. Toner of 220 Bruce street, Chicago, writes to 
his grocer, Michael Anderson, of 416 Main St., requesting 
him to send immediately 20 Ihs. of Granulated Sugar; 5 
lbs. of Java Coffee ; 1 lb. of Japan Tea, and 50 lbs. of 
Flour. 

Write the letter, and in it request Mr. Anderson to send 
the bill and collect on delivery. 

Write the bill which Mr. Anderson sends in reply. 

Stephen Johnson of Cincinnati, 0., bought of Henry 
Grant of Wheeling, W. Va., on the 1st of October, 1904, a 
horse and carriage, for which he was to pay Four Hun- 
dred Dollars. On the 1st of January, 1905, he sent a let- 
ter containing the money. Write such a letter. Write 
the reply which Mr. Grant should make. 

Write the receipt which Frederick Wolfe would give 
Andrew Mayberry for one month's rent of house No. 
1216 Race St., due February 12th, in advance, at $450 per 
annum. 

Write an invitation to a friend, asking him to visit you, 
or go with 3^ou to a concert, or do some favor for you. 

Write the reply. 



30. Arrange each of the following groups of words in 
a sentence : 

House, James, went, the, to, school, were, in, you, morn- 
ing, this, when ? 

Easter, in, this, April, Sunday, comes, year, this, 
Wednesday, Tuesday, after, comes, Thursday, before, 
and. 

Boy, lessons, the, study, came, before, he, his, school, 
to, did? 

Name the subject, predicate, and single-word modifiers 
in each sentence. 



Exercises in English. 



27 



31. Write sentences followed by the interrogation- 
13oint and beginning with — 

Are, is, was, were, have, has, am, will, may, ought, can, 
shall. 



32 . Use a predicate with 
or expressions : 
A good conscience. 
Pleasures. 
A delicious drink. 
A great musician. 
Suspicious persons. 
Atrocious crimes. 
A long procession. 
A patch on a garment. 
Scissors. 
Temperance. 
A false prophet. 



each of the following words 

A concert of sweet voices. 

Citizens. 

Surgeons. 

A fertile region. 

Religious ceremonies. 

Crickets. 

Colleges. 

A visit to friends. 

A great sacrifice. 

Anthems. 

True statements. 



33. Fill the following blanks with modifiers : 

The road was 

The wind blew from the north. 

I saw the and minstrel. 

His cheek and tresses 

Seemed to have known a day. 

The harp was carried by a 

boy. 



Milton wrote the 

An dinner was 

Gold is the 

The 



poem in our language. 
prepared. 



metal. 



Turk was dreaming. 



Exercises in English. 



34. Fill the blanks with subjects: 

. heard it from our neighbor. 

The is covered with snow. 

sings as well as 

This is solved in the same way. 

Many have happened at this place. 

In what part of the city does live ? 

A . lay dying on the spot. 

The was composed of three members. 

and came to see us. 

The was granted a furlough. 

The pleaded guilty. 



35. Fill the following blanks with modifiers of two 
or more words each : 

I tried to keep up 

John often walks 

The enemy came marching 



My friend come to see us. 

Strive to be reconciled 

How dear are the scenes _ 

She studies ■ 

We saw the general seated 



Great numbers were killed 

He gave willingly 

His friends laughed 



The teacher did not speak 

London is the largest city 

He waited 



36. Fill the following blanks with am, was, were, are, 
or is: 
A boy wanted. 



Exercises in English. 29 

Boys wanted. 

He . seen this morning. 

They seen yesterday. 

I feehng better to-day. 

He very suspicious. 

They very sorry. 

All the sky filled with clouds. 

The skies black. 

. you present at the last meeting ? 

he? John? his sisters 



there? 



I to go or . he ? 



37. Fill the blanks with I, me, he, or him 

Who is there ? It is 

Who will do the work ? 

Let John and do it. 

It was that told you. 

It was that wrote to _. 



38. Place the proper marks of punctuation in the 
following sentences : 

We read write sing and play at school 

The deck of the steamship was crowded with men 
women and children 

How wonderful Hurrah ! Plurrah ! 

He carried a basket a bundle a cane and an umbrella 

It was a dull cloudy day 

Are you sure 

The day was dull and cloudy 

Will it rain 



30 Exercises in English. 

The beggar was hot hungry dirty and lazy 

The hills were covered with forests of pine oak maple 
and beech 

Will you come 

John Henry his sister and her teacher came to see the 
curiosity 

Alas I have lost my money 



39. "Young man," he said, "by what art, craft or 
trade 
Did your good father gain a livelihood ?" 
" He was a saddler, sir," Modestus said, 
" And in his time was reckoned good." 
What marks are used in this extract ? 
Where are the quotation-marks placed ? 
What do they show? 



40. Copy the following extracts and place the quota- 
tion-marks : 

Exceeding peace had made Ben Adhem bold, 
And to the presence in the room he said, 
What writest thou ? The vision raised its head, 
And, with a look made all of sweet accord, 
Replied : The names of those who love the Lord. 
And is mine one? said Abou. Nay, not so. 
Replied the angel. Abou spoke more low, 
But cheerily still, and said, I pray thee, then, 
Write me as one that loves his fellow-men. 
Floy, did I ever see mamma ? No, darling. Why ? 
Did I ever see any kind face, like mamma's, looking at 
me when I was a baby, Floy ? he asked. Oh yes, dear. 



Exercises in English. 31 

Whose, Floy? Your old nurse's, often. And where is 
my old nurse ? said Paul. Is she dead, too ? Floy, are 
we all dead, except you ? 



41. Use the following modifiers in sentences: peace- 
ful, comely, almighty, cheap, noisy, speechless, merry, 
rapid, graceless, gaudy, earnest, candid, spicy, awful, 
snowy, squally, worthy, leaky, sullen. 

Where possible add ly to each of these words, and use 
it again in a sentence. 



42. Use the following subjects in sentences*: friends, 
gypsy, knowledge, license, harness, umbrella, quadru- 
ped, palsy, seed, threat, niece, tyrant, source, Wednesday, 
February, oyster, type, hydrant, precept, daisy. 



43. Use the following predicates in sentences: 
squeezed, laughed, hoe, oblige, bruise, separate, scourge, 
adjourn, seize, cede, earn, pierce, loiter, whisper, 2:>romise, 
rescue, acquire, inquire, deride, supply. 

Use one of the following modifiers in each of the sen- 
tences you have made : always, almost, also, very, truly, 
where, there, carefully, slyly, only, keenly, greedity, 
merely, lively, how, why, perfectly, merrily, cowardly, 
fiercely. 



32 Exercises in English. 

44. Use the following expressions in sentences. Name 
the modifying word in each sentence : 

The blue sky. The sweet song of the birds. A fierce 
lion. A beautiful morning. A merciful man. A tearful 
girl. A brave boy. A short answer. A tall boy. He 
was thankful. She was good. The first shall be last- 
A cold spring. A warm summer. The green field. The 
bare ground. 



45. Conversation subjects : 

Railroads. Colonies of United States. Domestic and 
foreign trade. 

Canals. Exports and imports. 
Immigration. Climate of United States. 
Sunrise and sunset. The changes of the moon. 
The stars. Frost and ice. Rain and snow. 



46. Oral descriptions : 

Fairmount Park. Independence Hall. Carpenters' 
Hall. Zoological Garden. The school house. The water 
supply of the city. The American flag. 



47. Conversations on morals and manners: 
Kindness to animals. Obedience. Respect to age. 
Truthfulness and care of public property. Honesty. 
Politeness. Manliness. Womanliness. Love of country. 
Tale-bearing. Purity in action and speech. Slang. 
Courage. Forgiveness. Self-control. Choice of com- 
panions. The difference between crimes and faults. 



Exercises in English. 



33 



48. Use the following words in sentences : 


love 


like 


did 


done 


may 


can 


sit 


set 


threw 


thrown 


good 


well 


drew 


drawn 


between 


among 


shook 


shaken 


mad 


angry 


this 


that 


these 


those 


nice 


good 


spoke 


spoken 


pleasant 


pretty 


saw 


seen 


took 


taken 


come 


came 


went 


gone 


anything 


nothing 



49. Write compositions of not less than fifteen lines 
on each of the following subjects : 

Plant life. Food. Clothing. Pure air. Cleanliness. 
Care of the teeth. Domestic animals. Effect of tobacco. 
Use of the skeleton. 



50. Write a story based upon the picture of the Puri- 
tans going to church. 



51. Arrange in their proper order the words in the 
following sentences : 

At midnight ,in his guarded tent 
The Turk was dreaming. 

On the deck the rover takes his stand. 

In a vale in the land of Moab 
There lies a lonely grave. 



34 Exercises in English. 

A traveler, by his faithful hound, 
Half buried in the snow was found. 

Oh ! ever thus from childhood's hour 
I've seen my fondest hopes decay. 

In the midst of the fair valley stood 
A native theatre. 

And from the arrowy peak she sprang. 
Kound about them orchards sweep. 

Over the river they beckon to me : 
The gleam of their snowy robes I see. 

In this world, wide and lonesome, 
One dear friend have I. 

Many, in the still of midnight, 
In the streets have lain and died. 

Above the smoky boards and beams, 

Down through the crevice, poured golden gleams. 

Over the dark sea I flew 
With the marauders; 
Wild was the life we led. 

Hollow-eyed and pale. 
At the window of a jail, 
Through her soft disheveled hair 
A maniac did stare. 



Exercises in English. 35 

52. Syllabus. 

Names are called nouns. 

Nouns are either proper or common. 

Proper nouns are names given to particular objects. 

Common nouns are names given to classes of 
objects. 

Proper nouns begin with capital letters. 

Nouns have the attribute of number. 

The singular number denotes but one. 

The plural number denotes more than one. 

The plural number is generally formed by adding s 
to the singular form. 

Nouns that end in sh, ch, soft z, x, and some 
nouns ending in o, form the plural by adding es. 

Nouns ending in f or fe change the f to v and add 
es in forming the plural. 

Nouns ending in y after a consonant change y to i 
and add es in forming the plural. 

Other nouns in y add s only. 

Some nouns have plurals formed irregularly; some 
are alike in both numbers ; some are used only in the 
singular, and some are used only in the plural. 

Singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s 
make the possessive form by adding the ' and s. 

Plural nouns ending in s make the possessive form 
by adding the ' only. 

A verb is a word used to assert or affirm. 

The words a and the are called articles or limit- 
ing adjectives. A is written an before a vowel or 
silent h. 

An adjective is a word used to describe or qualify 
a noun. 

An adverb is a word used to qualify a verb or 
adjective or other adverbs. 



36 Exercises in English. 

A sentence is a collection of words that make a 
finished or complete thought. 

The noun spoken of is called the subject. 

The verb is called the predicate. 

Every sentence must contain a subject and a predicate. 

All sentences begin with a capital letter. 

A period must be placed at the end of declarative 
sentences. 

An interrogation-mark must be placed after sen- 
tences that ask questions. 

The words which describe or limit a subject or a pred- 
icate are called modifiers. 

The subject by itself is called the simple subject. The 
subject is usuall}^ a noun or a pronoun. 

The predicate by itself is called the simple predicate. 
The predicate is usually a verb. 

The subject with its modifiers is called the com- 
plete subject. 

The predicate with its modifiers is called the com- 
plete predicate. 

In the arrangement of words in a sentence the subject 
is placed before the predicate in a declarative sentence. 

Single-word modifiers of the subject are placed before 
the subject. 

Phrase modifiers of the subject are placed after the 
subject. 

Modifiers of the predicate, whether single words or 
phrases, are generally placed after the predicate. 

To analyze a sentence is to name its subject, its predi- 
cate, and the modifiers of each. 




PART II 



53. Imagine a scene comprising the following feat- 
ures r A hill ; a road ; a stream ; a bridge ; boys fishing. 

Describe the scene as you see it in imagination, adding 
other features. 

Write a story about the place, the persons, and the 
objects seen. 



54. Think of the ocean ; the shore ; children watch- 
ing the breakers; a ship in the distance; a steamer. 

Describe the scene, adding other features. 

Write a story about the place, the persons, and the 
objects seen. 



55. Think of the following scenes; describe each of 
them fully, and write stories about the persons, the 
places, or the events indicated: 

A school-room ; sunset ; a road covered with snow ; a 
pupil studying ; the teacher waiting. 

A cabin ; a mountain-road ; a hunter ; two dogs ; a 
deer. 

The sea-shore ; a storm ; an overturned boat ; a boy 
clinging to an oar; men with ropes on the shore. 

37 



38 Exercises in English. 

A school-house ; boys ; girls ; marbles ; tops ; hoops. 

Early morning ; men, women, boys, and girls walking ; 
railroad-station ; train of cars. 

A girl ; pen and ink ; paper ; an open book ; woman 
knitting ; book-case. 



56. A Dog's Intelligence. 

We are acquainted with a dog, Lion by name, who 
gives daily proof that he knows what is said to him. A 
lady called the other day ; during her call Lion came in^ 
laid down on the parlor carpet, and shut his eyes. The 
conversation went on, and the visitor said, " What a 
handsome dog you have!" Lion opened one eye. 
" Yes," said his mistress ; " he is a very good dog, and 
takes good care of the children." Lion opened the other 
eye and waved his tail to and fro along the carpet. 
" When the baby goes out, he always goes with her, and 
I feel sure then that no harm can come to her," his mis- 
tress went on. Lion's tail thumped up and down vio- 
lently on the carpet. " And he is so gentle to them all, 
and such a playmate and companion, that we would not 
take a thousand dollars for him." Lion's tail now went 
up and down, to and fro, and round and round, with 
great glee. " But," said his mistress, " Lion has one 
fault." Total quiet of Lion's tail, together with appear- 
ance of great concern on his face. " He will come in 
here with dirty feet and lie down on the carpet, when I 
have told him time and again that he must not do it." 
Lion arose with an air of shame, and slunk out of the 
room with his tail down. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

Give the meaning of the words, acquainted, proofs con- 



Uxerdses in English. 39 

versation, visitor, handsome, gentle, companion, glee, fault, 
appearance, concern, slunk. 

Use these words in sentences. Combine two or more 
of the sentences into one sentence. 

Name all the subjects (nouns or pronouns), predicates 
(verbs), modifiers of the subjects (adjectives), modifiers 
of the predicates (adverbs), the prepositions, and the con- 
junctions in the story. 



57. 

Ben Adam had a golden coin one day 
Which he put out at interest with a Jew ; 

Year after year awaiting him it lay. 
Until the doubled coin two pieces grew ; 

And these two, four — so on, till people said, 

" How rich Ben Adam is !" and bowed the servile head. 

Ben Selim had a golden coin that day 

Which to a stranger asking alms he gave, 
Who went rejoicing on his unknown way. 

Ben Selim died too poor to own a grave ; 
But when his soul reached heaven, angels with pride 
Showed him the wealth to which his coin had multiplied. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

Give the meanings of the words, interest, bowed, doubled, 
alms, awaiting, servile, rejoicing, midtiplied, pride. 

Use these words in sentences. Combine two or more 
of these sentences into one sentence. 

Name all the subjects, predicates, modifiers of the sub- 
jects, modifiers of the predicates, the prepositions, and 
the conjunctions. 



40 Exercises in English. 



58. The Mouse and the Boasting Rat. 

A mouse lived in a granary, which became after a 
while the frequent resort of a cat. The mouse lived in 
great fear, and did not know what to do. In her strait 
she thought of a rat who lived not far away, and who 
had said in her hearing a hundred times that he was not 
afraid of any cat living. She resolved to visit the bold 
rat, and to ask him to drive the cat away. She found 
the rat in his hole, and, relating her story, besought his 
help. "Pooh !" said the rat; "you should be bold as I 
am. Go straight about your affairs, and do not mind the 
cat. I will soon follow you and drive her away." He 
thought now he must do something to make good his 
boast ; so he collected all the rats in the neighborhood^ 
resolved to frighten the cat by numbers. But when they 
all came to the granary, they found that the cat had 
already caught the foolish mouse, and a single growl 
from her sent them all scampering to their holes. 

Eead this story. 

Write it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, granary^ frequent, re- 
sort, strait, resolved, relating, besought, collected, scampering, 
frighten, growl ? 

Use these words in sentences. Combine two or more 
of these sentences into one sentence. 

Name all the subjects, predicates, modifiers of the sub- 
jects, modifiers of the predicates, prepositions, conjunc- 
tions. 



59. Don. 

This is Don, the dog of dogs, sir, 
Just as lions outrank frogs, sir. 



Exercises in Miglish. 41 

Just as eagles are superior 

To buzzards and that tribe inferior. 

Years ago, when I was master 
Of a tight brig called the Castor, 
Don and I were bound for Cadiz 
With the loveliest of ladies 
And her boy — a stalwart, hearty, 
Crowing one-year infant party 
Full of childhood's myriad graces, 
Bubbling sunshine in our faces 
As we bowled along so steady, 
Half-way home, or more, already. 

Soon our stanch and gallant vessel 
With the waves began to wrestle, 
And to jump about a trifle. 
Sometimes kicking like a rifle 
When 'tis slightly overloaded. 
But by no means nigh exploded. 

'Twas the coming on of twilight. 
As we stood abaft the skylight, 
Scampering round to please the baby 
(Old Bill Benson held him, maybe). 
When the youngster stretched his fingers 
Toward the spot where sunset lingers, 
And with strong and sudden motion 
Leaped into the weltering ocean ! 

" What did Don do ?" Can't you guess, sir ? 
He sprang also, by express, sir. 
Seized the infant's little dress, sir. 
Held the baby's head up boldly 
From the waves that rushed so coldly, 



42 Exercises in English. 

And in just about a minute 

Our boat had them safe within it. 

Sell him ! Would you sell your brother ? 
Don and I love one another. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, outrank, superior, 
inferior, tribe, statement, myriad, graces, stanch, wrestle, ex- 
ploded, weltering, lingers. 

Use these words in sentences. Combine two or more 
of these sentences into one sentence. 

Name all the subjects, predicates, modifiers of the sub- 
jects, modifiers of the predicates, prepositions, conjunc- 
tions. 

60. The Whistle. 

When I was a child of seven years old, my friends on a 
holiday filled my pockets with coppers. I went directly 
to a shop where they sold toys for children, and, being 
charmed with the sound of a whistle that I met by the 
way in the hands of another boy, I voluntarily offered 
and gave all my money for one. I then came home and 
went whistling all over the house, much pleased with 
my whistle, but disturbing all the family. My brothers 
and sisters and cousins, understanding the bargain I had 
made, told me I had given four times as much for it as 
it was worth, put me in mind of what good things I 
might have bought with the rest of the money, and 
laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with 
vexation ; and the reflection gave me more chagrin than 
the whistle gave me pleasure. Often afterward, when I 
was tempted to buy some unnecessary thing, I said to 
myself, " Don't give too much for the whistle," and I 
saved my money. 



Exercises in Mnglish, 43 

Read the story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, holiday^ directly^ 
charmed^ voluntary^ disturbing^ cousin, bargain, vexation, 
reflection, chagrin, tempted, unnecessary. 

. Name all the subjects, predicates, subject modifiers, 
predicate modifiers, prepositions, conjunctions. 



61. Make two or more statements, in the form of a 
paragraph, about Europe, showing its position, its extent, 
and its boundaries. 

Make two or more statements about the location of the 
prominent islands of Europe. 

Make similar statements about its peninsulas, its capes, 
its mountains, its oceans, its seas, its straits, its rivers. 

Write connected statements about its surface. 

Write a connected statement about the mineral pro- 
ductions of Europe. 

Write connected statements of the climate of Europe. 

Write connected statements about the position, chief 
cities, and form of government of each of the following 
divisions of Europe : 

Great Britain and Ireland. 

France. Italy. 

Germany. Turkey. 

Russia. The Netherlands. 

Tell how you would travel from Great Britain to each 
of the countries named. 

Tell how you would travel from Philadelphia or New 
York to any one of the chief cities in Europe, what pro- 
ductions would be sent there from this country, and what 
would be brought back in exchange, 



44 Exercises in English. 



62. Make two or more statements about Asia, show- 
ing its position, its extent, and its boundaries. 

Make two or more statements about the location of the 
prominent islands of Asia. 

Make similar statements about its peninsulas, its capes, 
its mountains, its plateaus, its oceans, its seas, its bays, 
its gulfs, its rivers. 

Write a paragraph about its climate. 

Write a connected statement about the productions of 
Asia, giving first its vegetable products, and second its 
minerals. 

Write connected statements about the position, the 
manners and customs, and the form of government of 
the following divisions of Asia : 

China. India. 

Japan. Arabia. 

Persia. Siberia. 



63. Make two or more statements about Africa, 
showing its position, its extent, and its boundaries. 

Make statements showing the location of the deserts of 
Africa. 

Make similar statements about its islands, its moun- 
tains, and its rivers. 

Write a paragraph about its surface, its climate. 

Write a connected statement about the animals of 
Africa, its productions. 

Write a connected statement about the races of men 
found in Africa. 

Write connected statements about the position, man- 
ners and customs, and prevailing religion of the follow- 
ing divisions of Africa : 

Egypt. The Barbary States. 

The British Colonies. Southern Africa. 



Exercises in English. 45 

64. State what was known of the geography of the 
world before the discovery of America. 

Make statements about the voyages of the Northmen. 

Write a short composition about the Indians of Amer- 
ica, giving their characteristics, their habits, and their 
customs. 

Give your opinion of the causes which prompted the 
nations of Europe to make explorations. 

Write a short composition about Columbus, stating the 
objects of his voyages and naming his different voyages 
and discoveries. 

Make statements about the following Spanish explor- 
ers and their discoveries : Ponce de Leon ; Balboa. 

Make similar statements about the following French 
explorers and their discoveries : Cartier ; Marquette ; La 
Salle; Verrazani. 

Make similar statements about the English explorers 
and their discoveries : The Cabots ; and Sir Francis Drake. 

Make a similar statement about the Dutch explorer . 
Hudson. 

Make statements showing the extent of the claims 
to territory in America made by France, Spain, England, 
and Holland. 



65. Write connected statements about each of the 
following colonies, showing when and where settled, by 
whom, prominent events, and forms of government : 

Virginia. Massachusetts. Maine. 

New Hampshire. Connecticut. Vermont. 

Rhode Island. New York. New Jersey. 

Pennsylvania. Delaware. Maryland. 

North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. 



46 Exercises in &iglisJi. 

Make statements about the following : The New Eng- 
land Union; the Navigation Acts; the Indian Wars in 
New England. 

Make connected statements about the colonial wars — 
viz., King William's, Queen Anne's, King George's, 
and Pontiac's war. 

Write a composition about the French and Indian 
War, giving causes, events, and results. 

Make statements about the political condition of the 
colonies and the manners and customs of the New Ens:- 
land. Middle, and Southern States. 



66. Make statements about the bones of the human 
body, giving their composition, structure, and use. 

Write a composition about the human skeleton, tell- 
ing what it is, its use, the number of bones, and the 
names of the principal bones. 

Make statements about the muscles of the body, tell- 
ing their structure, use, size and shape, and how they 
act. 

Write a composition on digestion, naming the digestive 
organs, and state how digestion is carried on. 

JMake statements about eating and drinking. 

Make statements about the different kinds of foods. 



67. Write a composition about animals, telling — 

First. — How animals differ from plants and 

minerals. 
Second. — How animals are classified. 



Exercises in English. 47 

Third. — In what ways animals are useful to 

man. 
Fourth. — In what parts of the earth the most 
important classes of animals are 
found. 
Let each of these parts constitute a paragraph. 



68.- 

1. Mary walks to school. 

2. Mary walks from school. 

3. My hand is on the table. 

4. My hand is above the table. 
7. My hand is under the table. 

6. The money was placed on the shelf. 

Name the nouns, the verbs, and the article in these 
sentences. 

In the first and second sentences, what words show the 
relation of the noun school to the verb walks f 

In the third, fourth, and fifth sentences, what words 
show the relation of the noun table to the verb is ? 

In the sixth sentence, what word shows the relation of 
the noun shelf to the verb was placed ? 

Words which are used to show the relation of a noun 
or a pronoun to other words are called prepositions. 

The noun or the pronoun with the preposition which 
shows its relation to another word is called a phrase. 

Phrases used as modifiers are either adverbial or adjec- 
tive. 

The noun or the pronoun which is joined to a preposi- 
tion is called the object of the preposition. 

In the following sentences, name the preposition and 
the phrase of which it forms a part. 

America was discovered by Columbus in the year 
1492. 



48 Exercises in English. 

The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on 
the fourth day of July, 1776. 

Men of learning should act with prudence. 

I spoke to the boy about his action. 

The palace of the king is beyond the walls of the city. 

The boy in the field is the farmer's son. 

The carpet is on the floor. 

The boys are in school. 

Alice is sitting by her mother. 

The spire of the church is made of glass. 

Have you been to church ? 

Fill the blanks in the following sentences with preposi- 
tions : 

The horse jumped the hedge. 

Will you go me? 

Will you go him ? 

He is sitting us. 

My parents are not home. 

The stranger came Spain. 

Do you desire to be your friends ? 

The ladder is leaning the wall. 

Did your brother write you ? 

He came school me. 

Use the following prepositions in sentences of your 
own making: At, after, by, down, for, from, on, over, 
past, round, to, under, with, in, among, between, toward, 
of, except, beneath, beyond, before. 

Name the phrases in the sentences you have made. 

Are they adjective or adverbial ? 

What do they modify ? 



69. 1. John's father gave him a book. 
2. Mary spoke to her brother, but he made no an- 
swer. 



Exercises in English. 49 

3. James challenged his brother to run a race. 

4. John, who was at school yesterday, is not here. 
For what word is him used in the first sentence ? 

For what words are her and he used in the second sen- 
tence ? 

For what word is his used in the third sentence ? 

For what word is who used in the fourth sentence ? 

A word used instead of a noun is called a pronoun. 

Name the pronouns in the following sentences : 

Mary praised her sister. 

John said, " I cannot go with you.'' 

Peter replied, " He gave me no reason." 

Mary, you must remain with her. 

William found his knife. 

The doctor found the girl and her mother in distress, 
and did what he could to help them. 

Virtue has its reward. 

Their conduct is commendable. 

She lives with her father. 

Our Father who art in heaven. 

Use the following pronouns in sentences : 

I, me, our, us, we, my, mine, thou, thy, thine, you, 
your, yours, he, his, him, she, hers, her, its, it, they, 
them, theirs, who, whose, which, whom, many, all, some, 
such, other, each, this, that, these, those. 

Fill the blanks in the following sentences with pro- 
nouns : 

Mary and Jane did not know lessons. 

When was blamed for neglecting 

lessons, said that mother was so sick 

could not study. 

The girl admired the pictures, and thought 

would like to have one of . 

lost hat. but found - 



where left 



50 Exercises in English. 

Give the boy book; will need 

to study lessons. 



The farmer lost way, but the kind neighbors 

showed the way home. 

lost pen. 

will show . 



70. They lost their way. 

I lost my way. 

You lost your way. 

He lost his way. 

We lost our way. 

She lost her way. 

A man lost his way. 

The men lost their way. 

Susan lost her way. 

In the sentences given above, which pronouns stand 
for the speaker ? 

Which pronouns stand for the person spoken to ? 

Which nouns and which pronouns stand for the person 
spoken of or about ? 

Pronouns that represent the speaker are said to be 
of the first person. 

Pronouns that represent the person spoken to are said 
to be of the second person. 

Pronouns that represent the person or thing spoken 
about are said to be of the third person. 

Pronouns that show by their form whether they are of 
the first, the second, or the third person are called 
personal pronouns. 

Name pronouns of the first person, the second person, 
the third person. 



Exercises in English. 51 

71. Pronouns, like nouns, have two numbers, the 
singular number and the plural number. 

Give the number of the personal pronouns in the fol- 
lowing sentences : 

If you recite your lessons, I will dismiss you. 

My eyes are not blind to his faults. 

He says that we shall need it. 



72. Mary and John, with Jane and Charley, have 
gone to the lake in the wagon. 

Name the nouns in this sentence. 

What nouns indicate persons of the male sex ? 

What nouns indicate persons of the female sex ? 

What nouns indicate things without sex ? 

The old farmer invited Samuel and his mother, and 
Mary and her father, to come and visit him. 

What pronouns in this sentence indicate the sex of the 
individual ? 

Which pronoun is masculine ? which feminine ? 

A noun or a pronoun is said to be of the masculine 
gender when it denotes objects of the male sex ; of the 
feminine gender when it denotes objects of the female 
sex ; of the neuter gender when it denotes objects with- 
out sex. 

Boy, girl, man, woman, garden, goose, hen, heroine^ 
man-servant, woman-servant, brother, sister, Mr., Mrs., 
Miss, sir, madam, negro, negress, lad, lass, heir, heiress, 
he, his, she, her, it, its. 

In what gender is each of these words ? 

Write each word in a sentence. 

Change the word to the plural form and rewrite the 
sentence. 

Change the gender of the noun from masculine to 
feminine, or from feminine to masculine, in the following 
sentences : 



52 Exercises in English. 

The man was lost in the forest. 

The girl was at school. 

The queen reigned for forty years. 

The child was fond of his brother. 

The waiter was too indolent. 

A poor negress waited at the station for the arrival of 
her former master. 

The tigress carried off the body of the sheep which it 
had killed. 

An emperor waited for the queen. 

The nephew called on my father and stated that my 
uncle would visit the governor. 



73. The boy lost his money. He found it. 

What words in these two sentences are the verbs? 
What words are the subjects ? 

A noun or a pronoun which is used as the subject of a 
verb is said to be in the nominative case. 

In each of the following sentences name the noun or 
the pronoun which is in the nominative case : 

John struck William. The man deserves punishment. 
Men pursue pleasure. A boy can carry the basket. 
Thou shalt love thy neighbor. He must obey. The sol- 
dier received a pension. I will find a book for you. She 
will not go. They will be pleased. 

Use a verb with each of the following nouns : 

Mountains, rivers, monkey, mice, water, wind, fire, 
thief, rabbit, clouds, moon, stars. 

In what case is each of these words when so used ? 

Use a subject with each of the following verbs : 

Laughs, runs, swim, play, travels, sails, fly, cry told, 
met, ran, sees. 

In what case is each of these subjects when so used ? 



Exercises in English. 53 

74. Columbus discovered America. 

The queen of Spain assisted Columbus. 

You cannot find the money. 

In these sentences, name the verbs. 

Name the subjects. In what case are the subjects ? 

What is the object of the action denoted by the verb ? 

The setting sun brings the bee home. 

The boy threw the ball and broke the window. 

John made his money by hard work. 

Acorns are found beneath oak trees. 

God made the world in six days. 

In these sentences, name the verbs. 

Name the nouns in the nominative case. 

Name the objects of the action denoted by the verb. 

Name the prepositions. 

Before what nouns are they placed ? 

Name the phrases in these sentences. 

The object of a preposition is the noun or the pronoun 
with which it forms a phrase. 

The object of the action denoted by the verb or the 
object of a preposition is said to be in the objective 
case. 

In the following sentences, name the nouns or the pro- 
nouns in the nominative case; in the objective case. 
Name the phrases : 

The history of England from the time of James II. was 
written by Macaulay. 

He graduated from Harvard in the summer of 1880. 

Grief shrinks from human eyes. 

An eagle's nest was in the pine tree. 

I watched for the coming of the day. 

The American army was defeated by the British at 
the battle of the Brandywine. 



54 Exercises in English. 

75. Nouns or pronouns in the possessive form are in 
the possessive case. 



76. In the following sentences, name the nouns and 
the pronouns in the nominative case ; in the possessive 
case; in the objective case. Name the phrases. What 
they do modify ? Are they adjective or adverbial ? 

Lucy's hat is old. 

The boy lost his knife. 

The pupils neglected their lessons. 

Have you read Scott's poems ? 

Susan made a doll for her sister's playmate. 

The farmer carried the hay into the barn. 

Children attend the school at the cross-roads. 

Mary tore her sister's dress. 

John's brother is in distress, and I must assist him. 

I met William's brother in market this morning. 

We might speak strongly of John's ability. 

We should expect a fine day, after yesterday's storm. 

They travelled to South America by way of Mexico. 

Virtue rewards its followers. 



77. Write the possessive form, singular number, of 
each of the following words : 

Mary, John, father, cousin, fish, negro, wife, lady, 
statesman, doctor, sailor, general, army, James, mother, 
preacher, hero, wolf, thief, goose, child, fly, fox, friend. 

Use each of these words in a sentence. 

Change the number of the possessive noun to the plural 
form, and rewrite the sentence. 

In each sentence name the proper nouns, the common 
nouns, the adjectives, the adverbs, the articles, the sub- 
ject, the predicate, the modifiers. 



Exercises in English. 55 

78. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
nouns in the nominative case: 

shot a rabbit. 

played quietly. 

discovered the Hudson River. 

. founded Pennsylvania. 

settled in New York. 

. sailed up the St. Lawrence River. 

Fill the blanks in the following sentences with pro- 
nouns in the nominative case: 

. have lost my money. 

are not a stranger. 

is my friend. 

is my exercise. 

. has annoyed her mother. 

. have found their friends. 



Fill the blanks in the following sentences with nouns 
or pronouns in the objective case : 

Then they buried 

They clothed in her richest 

A fire was lighted at 

He rushed into the 

He wandered in the 

She loved for the . he had passed. 

In the of the sailor-boy lay. 

Hear for my 

Believe for my 

They made a grave in the . 

Fill the blanks in the following sentences with nouns 
or pronouns in the possessive case : 

She carried purse in hand. 

I will not listen to complaint. 

The lady had a wing on hat. 

. home was at Mt. Vernon. 

. store is opposite the post-office. 



56 Exercises in English. 

Helen went to school. 

The pen was , but now it is 



I studied lesson ; did you study 



79. Name all the personal pronouns of the first per- 
son. Arrange them so that the singular pronouns shall 
be in one column and the plural pronouns in another 
column. Arrange them again so that the pronoun in 
the nominative case in each column shall be first, the 
pronoun in the possessive case shall be second, and the 
pronoun in the objective case shall be third. 

Name the pronouns of the second person, and arrange 
them in the same order. 

Name the masculine pronouns of the third person, and 
arrange them in the same order. 

Name the feminine pronouns of the third person, and 
arrange them in the same order. 

Name the neuter pronouns of the third person, and 
arrange them in the same order. 



80. Men, women, and children were destroyed. 
You must buy or sell. 
Neither you nor John can come. 
We must educate, or we must perish. 
Either you or I must go. 
If the advice is good, take it. 
The flowers will fail if the frost comes. 
Word came that the criminal was caught. 
If we strive earnestly, we shall win. 
Though he was rich, yet for our sakes he became poor. 
What words are used as connectives in these sentences ? 
A conjunction is a word used to connect words and 
sentences. 



Exercises in English. 57 



Name the conjunctions in the following sentences : 

Life is short and Art is long. 

James and Samuel will come. 

James or Samuel will come. 

Jane sings and dances. 

Neither you nor I can tell him. 

He has knowledge, but no judgment. 

They will be punished unless they repent. 

Though his strength is great, yet I do not fear him. 

He will come because he promised. 



81. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
conjunctions : 

I will go, I will never return. 

Eise, it is day. 

the advice is reasonable, why not take it ? 

you arrive, I shall leave. 

I will see he has arrived not. 

All fear to die few are prepared for death. 

It is yours _. mine. 

I will soon know he trusts me not. 

The lesson was plain it needed no 

explanation. 

the water was very deep, it was per- 
fectly clear. 

You will be commended you act prudently. 

you desire it, I will come. 

Write ten sentences, each containing a conjunction. 
Tell what part of speech each word is in the sentences 
you have written. 

Analyze each sentence. 

Write a sentence containing two nouns connected by a 
conjunction. 

Write one containing two verbs connected. 



58 Exercises in Imglish. 

Write one containing two pronouns connected. 
Write one containing two adjectives connected. 
Write one containing two adverbs connected. 
Write one containing two phrases connected. 



82. Oh! come with me. 
Ah ! what a pity you did not stay I 
Aha ! I've caught you. 
Alas ! he is dead. 
What ! take my money ? 
Pshaw ! what a tale ! 
Hurrah ! the old flag still waves. 
Name the parts of speech in these sentences. 
What words are used to express emotion ? 
An interjection is a word used in making sudden 
exclamations. 

Write ten sentences each containing an interjection. 



83. I see a boy. He sees a rose. You see me. 

Name the verb in each of these sentences. 

Is the action denoted by the verb see done in time 
which is present or in time which is past? 

I saw a boy. He saw a rose. You saw me. 

Name the verb in each of these sentences. 

Is the action denoted by the verb saw done in time 
present or time past? 

I will see a boy. He will see a rose. You will see me. 

Name the verb in each of these sentences. 

Is the action denoted by the verb will see done in pres- 
ent time, past time, or time to come, or future time ? 

In what time, present, past, or future, is the action de- 
noted by the verb in the following sentences ? — 

The man walks slowly. The laborer walked home. 



Exercises in English. 59 

The boy will walk quickly when he sees his father. I 
am here. She was there.' We were coming. They will 
come when you call. She is coming home. My father 
will come to your residence. Your mother will praise 
your effort. 



84. A dog barks. Dogs bark. 

A bird sings. Birds sing. 

The boy runs. The boys run. 

The lion roars. Lions roar. 

The horse neighs. Horses neigh. 

The rose blooms. Roses bloom. 

He was elected. They were elected. 

She sweeps the floor. We sweep the floor. 
Name the subject noun or pronoun and the verb in 
each of these sentences. 
In what number is the noun in each sentence ? 
What change occurs in the form of the verb when the 
number of the noun is changed? 
I go to school. He goes to school. 
I come to you. She comes to you. 
I see the moon. John sees the moon. 
Thou shalt not kill. He shall not kill. 
Name the verb in each of these sentences. 
Name the noun or pronoun which is the subject of the 
verb. 

In what person is the subject noun or subject pronoun? 

What change occurs in the form of the verb when the 

person of the subject noun or subject pronoun is changed? 



85. Verbs have number and person, and agree in these 
respects with their subjects. 

In the following sentences, name the subjects. Give 
the number and person of each subject. Give the num- 



60 . Exercises in English. 

ber and person of the verb. Change the noun or the 
pronoun subject to the plural form, and read the sen- 
tence. Change the person of the pronoun subjects, and 
read the sentence : 

She has fallen from the tree. 

A warm day is pleasant in March. 

A small house was erected. 

A duel was fought in this forest. 

My apple tree is destroyed. 

The dress is finished. 

Has he seen him ? 

She writes the letters. 

A book is John's greatest pleasure. 

The house was destroyed. 

Thou art the man. 

He has fallen. 

She loves her flowers. 

It pleases the people. 

He watches for the postman. 

I do not know the person. 

Where am I going ? 

Where is he going ? 

He carries the burden. 

I find that you are mistaken. 

I am grieved at your misconduct. 

Write sentences with singular noun subjects ; with 
plural noun subjects ; with singular pronoun subjects ; 
with plural pronoun subjects ; with subject pronouns of 
the first person ; with subject pronouns of the second 
person; with subject pronouns of the third person. 



86. Use a verb in present time with I, thou, he, she, 
it, we, you, they. 



Exercises in English. 61 

Use a verb in past time with the same pronouns. 
Use a verb in future time with the same pronouns. 



87. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
suitable verbs : 

Cain Abel. 

The soldier 

I to punish you. 

The teacher how well. 

^_____^ you . this man ? 

, you this flower before ? 

Children to play on the ice. 

She . the bell. 

The farmer the cattle home. 

Pilate , What truth? 

Time - 



Frederick three dollars. 

The lady 

I to-day. 

^ them guilty ? 

They to-morrow. 

God them both, and us all. 

Fill the following blanks with suitable nouns or pro- 
nouns : 

The will be discovered. 

was honest in his dealings. 

am sorry to hear it. 

Art happy. 

could not persuade him. 

- has my watch. 

Have . your pencil. 

has it. 

Are going to Newport ? 



62 Exercises in English. 

Where is stationed ? 

« am thankful to him. 



88. The great man. The greater man. The greatest 
man. 

Name the adjectives in each of these expressions. 

How do they differ in form ? 

A studious pupil. A more studious pupil. A most 
studious pupil. 

Name the adjectives in each of these expressions. 

How do they differ ? 

A worthy object. A less worthy object. A least wor 
thy object. 

Name the adjectives in each of these expressions. 

How do they differ ? 

Much rain. More rain. Most rain. 

The good boy. The better boy. The best boy. 

Name the adjectives in each of these expressions. 

How do they differ ? 

James spoke more earnestly than John. Henry spoke 
most earnestly of all. 

Mary reads well. Harriet reads better than Mary. 
Susan reads best of all. 

Name the adverbs in each of these sentences. 

How do they differ in form ? 

Adjectives and adverbs are compared to express qual- 
ity or action in different degrees. 

There are three degrees of comparison — the positive, 
the comparative, the superlative. 

The Positive Degree is the adjective in its simple 
form. 

The Comparative Degree is formed by adding r or 
er or by prefixing more or less to the positive. 



Exercises in English. 63 

The Superlative Degree is formed by adding st or 
est or by prefixing most or least to the positive. 

Some adjectives are compared irregularly. 

Adjectives cannot be compared when the quality can- 
not exist in different degrees. 

In the following sentences and expressions, name the 
degree of comparison of the adjective or the adverb : 

A horse is stronger than a dog. 

The elephant is the largest of all animals. 

A wise man is useful to a community. 

Charity is the greatest of virtues. 

Lying is the worst of vices. 

It is a warm day. 

This winter is colder than usual. 

Few men have had more agreeable companions. 

An empty barrel. A golden vase. A dead bird. She 
was the most beautiful of all. A bad man. A worse 
boy. The least whisper was heard. 

89. Write sentences containing adjectives in the com- 
parative degree formed by adding r or er ; by prefixing 
more ; by prefixing less. 

Write sentences containing adjectives in the superla- 
tive degree formed by adding st or est ; by prefixing 
most; by prefixing least. 

Write sentences containing adjectives that are com- 
pared irregularly. 

Write sentences containing adjectives that cannot be 
compared. 

Write sentences containing the following adjectives: 
Worst, last, good, most, wonderful, sweeter, faithful^ 
serene, beautiful, grand, peaceable, loathsome. 

Change the degree of comparison of each adjective, and 
rewrite the sentences. 

Write sentences containing adverbs in each of the 
three degrees of comparison. 



64 Exercises in English. 

Give the comparative and superlative forms of each of 
the following adjectives : Sad, able excellent, intelligent, 
worthy, active, bad, good, terrible, noisy, fearful, peculiar, 
special, elastic, nutritious, parallel, oblique, mischievous. 



90. Letter of Introduction. 



■e-u-t \^-iyt 



€.iZd^ 






C/^-^-^^ ^^L^'id^ 



■d. Gf-tZ'iyyi, 



Exercises in Miglish. 65 









A.'i/n^ /ui-t^uC ^€- -^^-u^-e^yt-t.^yi^ ^e-'yn^^yM- 



A letter of introduction must be short, and not extrav- 
agant in praise of the party introduced. As it is 
generally delivered by the person introduced, it should 
not be sealed nor stamped. 

Write a letter introducing your friend to your uncle in 
San Francisco. 

Write a letter of sympathy to a friend who has met 
with an accident. 

Write a note of apology to your teacher for some 
offence committed. 

Write to some prominent man asking for his auto- 
graph. 

Write to a merchant asking for prices of goods. 

5 



66 Exercises in English. 

Write to a bookseller ordering books. 
Write a note of congratulation to a friend. 
Write a note applying for a situation. 
Write a letter to your father, supposing him to be 
away from home. 
Write a Christmas greeting to an absent brother. 



91. Use the following words in sentences: Micro- 
scope, roughly, mucous, hygiene, cylinder, separation, 
alcohol, cavities, physician, physiology, thorough, chiefly, 
science, diaphragm, oxygen, poisonous, benumb, speci- 
men, intoxication, symptom, affrighted. 

Typhoid, recognized, pivot, locomotion, pictorial, lever, 
weight, fulcrum, philosopher, concentrated, license, men- 
aced, concealed, compelled, conscience, necessity, bal- 
ance, atmosphere, character. 

Privilege, vengeance, neighborhood, solemn, asylum, 
shadowy, civilized, zealous, murmured, sheriff, chal- 
lenge, cemetery, excellence, society, paralyze, conqueror, 
beauteous. 

Umbrella, eccentric, pedler, triumphant, seized, sieve, 
government, democratic, tenant, tyrannical, preparation, 
rebelled, freight, schooner, chestnut, awkward, gingham, 
Christmas, caterpillar, asparagus, pneumonia, mysterious, 
suburb, vicinity. 

Divide into syllables and place the accent mark. 



92. Write a receipt for money paid in full for a bill 
for coal bought during the past month. 

Write a receipt for money paid on account of such a 
bill. 

Make out bills for each of the following numbered 



Exercises in English. 67 

list of articles, dating the bills at Philadelphia, present 
date: 

1. Muslin, calico, linen. 

2. Groceries (five items). 

3. Hardware (five items). 

4. Carpets, oil-cloth, matting. 

5. Furniture (five items). 

6. A carriage. 

7. Rent of a house. 

8. Books (five items). 



93. Write compositions upon each of the following 
subjects. Name, first, three or four subdivisions of the 
subject, each subdivision to be the basis for a para- 
graph : 

Games. Cocoons. 

The post-office. The policeman. 

Winter sports. Tramj^s. 

Candy. Dogs and cats. 

Pins and needles. The city-hall. 

Newspapers. Slang. 

Dime novels. Exercise. 



94. Write sentences illustrating the use of the differ- 
ent parts of speech, as follows : 

Nouns — proper and common, singular and plural. 

Pronouns — in different genders, numbers, and persons. 

Adjectives, adverbs — regular and irregular comparisons. 

Prepositions. 

Conjunctions — coordinate, subordinate. 

Verbs — number and person. 



68 Exercises in English. 

95. Write the following extracts in prose order: 
In thy sweet garden grow wreaths for each toil. 

A mighty king I am, an earthly god. 

We no other pains endure 

Than those that we ourselves procure. 

And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam. 

Near the lake where drooped the willow, 
Where the rock threw back the billow, 
Dwelt a maid, beloved and cherished, 
But with autumn's leaf she perished. 

Still sits the school-house by the road, 

A ragged beggar sunning ; 
Around it still the sumachs grow. 

And blackberry -vines are running. 

Black walnuts, on low-meadow ground. 

Are dropping now their dark-green balls, 
And on the ridge, with rattling sound. 

The deep brown chestnut falls. 
When comes a day of sunshine mild. 
From childhood, nutting in the wild. 

Outbursts a shout of glee, 
And high the pointed shells are piled 

Under the hickory tree. 

On a weary slope of Apennine, 

At sober dusk of day's decline, 

Out of the solemn solitude 

Of Vallombrosa's antique wood, 

A withered woman, tanned and bent. 

Bearing her bundled brushwood, went. 

Her dull cheeks channelled were with tears 

Shed in the storms of eighty years ; 



Exercises in English. 69 

Her wild hair fell in gusty flow 
White as the foamy brook below : 
Still toiled she with her load alone, 

With feeble feet, but steadfast will, 
To gain her little home, that shone 

Like a dreary lantern on the hill. 



96. Use the following contractions in sentences : 
Gov. Hon. Sr. Jr. D. D. C. O. D. 

Mdse. Acc't. Rec'd. N. Y. Mass. Md. 



97. Use the following words in sentences : 

Shall, will; should, would; lie, lay; plenty, enough; 



rode, ridden; drink, drank. 



98. Fill the following blanks with can or may : 

I ask you to go ? I speak to you ? 

we get home in this storm ? I tell my 



friend ? I go out ? I leave the room ? 

you run as fast as I ? 



99. Fill the following blanks with will or shall: 

I be fourteen to-morrow. I go or 

_____ you go? We be pleased to come. 

you lend me your book ? I be pleased 



to see you, but you not come. If you 

be at home to-morrow, I be glad to call. 

I go or I stay ? ______ you like to 

go in my place ? 



70 Exercises in English. 

100. Subjects for Conversations on 
Historical Subjects. 

Christopher Columbus. Wm. Penn. 

Hendrick Hudson. The American Indian. 

Slavery. Geo. Washington. 

The American Colonist. Bunker Hill. 

The Quaker. The Puritan. 

The Pennsylvania German. The Continental Soldier. 

Philadelphia. The Scotch-Irish. 

The Northwest Territory, 



101. The American Flag". 

When Freedom from her mountain height 

Unfurled her standard to the air, 
She tore the azure rohe of night, 

And set the stars of glory there. 
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 
The milky haldric of the skies, 
And striped its pure, celestial white 
"With streakings of the morning light ; 
Then from his mansion in the sun 
She called her eagle-hearer down, 
And gave into his mighty hand 
The symbol of her chosen land. 

Majestic monarch of the cloud ! 

Who rear'st aloft thy regal form, 
To hear the tempest trumpings loud, 

And see the lightning lances driven, 
When strive the warriors of the storm. 
And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven, 
Child of the sun ! to thee 't is given 
To guard the banner of the free. 
To hover in the sulphur smoke. 
To ward away the battle-stroke. 
And bid its blendings shine afar. 
Like rainbows on the cloud of war, 
The harbingers of victory I 



Exercises in English. 71 

Flag of the brave ? thy folds shall fly, 
The sign of hope and triumph high, 
When speaks the signal trumpet-tone, 
And the long line comes gleaming on. 
Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet, 
Has dimmed the glistening bayonet, 
Each soldier eye shall brightly turn 
To where thy sky-born glories burn ; 
And as his springing steps advance, 
Catch war and vengeance from the glance. 
And when the cannon-mouthings loud 
Heave in wild wreaths the battle-shroud, 
And gory sabres rise and fall 
Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall, 
Then shall thy meteor glances glow, 

And cowering foes shall sink beneath 
Each gallant arm that strikes below 

The lovely messenger of death. 

Flag of the seas ! on ocean wave 
Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave ; 
"When death, careering on the gale. 
Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail, 
Aiid frighted waves rush wildly back 
Before the broadside's reeling rack, 
Each dying wanderer of the sea 
Shall look at once to heaven and thee, 
And smile to see thy splendors fly 
In triumph o'er his closing eye. 

Flag of the free heart's hope and home ! 

By angel hands to valor given ; 
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 

And all thy hues were born in heaven. 
Forever float that standard sheet ! 

Where breathes the foe but falls before us. 
With freedom's soil beneath our feet, 
/ And freedom's banner streaming o'er us. 

J. KodmajSt Drake. 

Give the history of the American Flag. What is its 
significance ? 



.72 Exercises in English. 



102. Syllabus. 

A preposition is a word used to show the relation of 
a noun or a pronoun to other words. 

A phrase consists of two or more words properly put 
together, hut not containing a predicate verb. Phrases 
are either adverbial or adjective. 

The noun or the pronoun which is joined to a prepo- 
sition is called the object of the preposition. 

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 

Pronouns that represent the speaker are said to be of 
the first person ; those that represent the person spoken 
to are said to be of the second person ; those that rep- 
resent the person or thing spoken of are said to be of 
the third person. 

Pronouns that show by their form whether they are of 
the first, the second, or the third person are called per- 
sonal pronouns. 

Gender is the distinction of sex. 

The masculine gender denotes objects of the male 
sex ; the feminine gender denotes objects of the female 
sex ; the neuter gender denotes objects without sex. 

Number is that attribute of nouns and of pronouns 
which indicates whether one or more is meant. 

The singular number denotes one ; the plural num- 
ber denotes more than one. 

Case distinguishes the relation of a noun or a pronoun 
to other words. 

A noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a verb is 
in the nominative case ; a noun or a pronoun which is 
used as the object of a verb or preposition is in the ob- 
jective case ; a noun or a pronoun which denotes own- 
ership or possession is in the possessive case. 

A conjunction is a word used to connect words, sen- 
tences, or parts of sentences. 



Exercises in English. 73 

An interjection is a word used in making sudden 
exclamations. 

Tense is that attribute of the verb by which it ex- 
presses distinction of time. 

The present tense denotes present time; the past 
tense denotes past time; the future tense denotes 
future time. 

Verbs have number and person forms, and agree in 
these respects with their subjects. 

Adjectives and adverbs vary in form by comparison. 

The positive degree expresses simply the quality. 

The comparative degree expresses the quality in a 
higher or a lower degree ; it is formed by adding r or er 
or by prefixing more or less to the positive. 

The superlative degree expresses the quality in the 
highest or the lowest degree ; it is formed by adding st or 
est or by prefixing most or least to the positive. 

Some adjectives are compared irregularly. 

Adjectives cannot be compared when the quality can- 
not exist in different degrees. 





PART III. 



103. Think of a blacksmith-shop; horse standing; 
smith working; woman standing in the door; dog 
waiting. 

Describe the scene fully, giving more minute particu- 
lars. 

Write or tell a story about the picture. 



104. In like manner, complete the description of 
each of the following scenes and incidents, and write or 
tell a story about it : 

A sleigh on a country road ; two horses ; a man driv- 
ing ; a deep snow-bank ahead ; a fright ; a runaway ; an 
accident. 

A hut amid the mountains ; a mountain-family ; an 
avalanche ; a rescue. 

A lake near a mountain ; sunset ; a boat on the water ; 
fishing. 

A field of wheat ; a group of men ; working ; reaping- 
machines ; wagons loading ; barns ; a house. 

A cotton-field ; negroes picking ; carrying ; a cotton- 

74 



Exercises in Englisli. 75 

gin ; a cotton-press ; cotton baled ; wagons ; a river ; 
steamboat. 

An express-train ; a road-crossing at grade ; a carriage 
with women and children; an accident. 

A coal-mine ; miners at work ; cars loading ; danger. 

A railroad-station ; arrival of a train ; passengers ; 
friends waiting ; baggage ; hackmen. 

A country farm ; barn ; barn-yard ; animals ; imple- 
ments. 



105. The Bravest Man at Waterloo, 

The duke of Wellington was once asked who, in his 
opinion, was the bravest man at Waterloo. 

" I can't tell you that," he said, " but I can tell you of 
one than whom I am sure there was no braver. He was 
only a private in the artillery ; but had he survived the 
day, he would have been an officer." 

The incident on which the duke founded his opinion 
was as follows : There was a farmhouse with an orchard 
surrounded by a thick hedge, forming a most important 
point in the British position, and which was ordered to 
be held against the enemy at any hazard and at any sac- 
rifice. The hottest of the battle raged round this point, 
but our fellows behaved well and beat back the French, 
though they attacked the place again and again with 
great fury, and once even gained a footing inside. 

At last the powder and ball were found to be running 
short, and at the same time the timber in the hedges 
took fire, and the orchard was soon surrounded with a 
ring of flame. A messenger had, however, been sent to 
the rear for more powder and ball, and in a very short 
time two loaded wagons came galloping down to the 



76 Exercises in Mnglish. 

farmhouse, the gallant defenders of which were keeping 
up a thin and scanty fire through the flames which sur- 
rounded their post. 

The driver of the first wagon, with the reckless daring 
of an English boy, spurred his struggling and terrified 
horses through the burning heap ; but the flames rose 
fiercely round and caught the powder, which exploded 
in an instant, sending wagon, horses, and rider in frag- 
ments into the air. 

For one instant the driver of the second wagon paused, 
appalled by his comrade's fate ; the next, observing that 
the flames, beaten back for the moment by the explosion, 
aflbrded him one desperate chance, he sent his horses at 
the smouldering breach, and amid the deafening cheers 
of the garrison landed his terrible cargo safe within, while 
behind him the flames closed up and raged more fiercely 
than ever. 

Kead this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, opinion, survived, in- 
cident, hedge, important, position, hazard, sacrifice, raged, 
surrounded, messenger, defenders, scanty, reckless, terrified, ex- 
ploded, fragments, appalled, observing, desperate, smoulder- 
ing, garrison, terrible, cargo ? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

What part of speech is each word used in the story ? 

Name all the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of 
each subject and each predicate. 

Name the case of each noun and of each pronoun used 
in the story. 

Name the mood and the tense of each verb. 

Name the degree of comparison of each adjective and 
each adverb. 



Exercises in English. 77 

106. "I'll Try, Sir." 

The battle of Lundy's Lane, which was fought July 
25, 1814, was one of the most notable battles of the war 
of 1812. 

From noon until sunset the Americans, under the 
command of General Scott, had desperately attacked the 
British forces, who were strongly fortified on an eminence 
at the place called Lundy's Lane. Every effort to drive 
the enemy from the position on the hill was stubbornly 
resisted. The fire had been kept up almost without ces- 
sation. Later in the evening, General Scott and General 
Ripley held a consultation, and agreed that the Ameri- 
cans could hope to defeat the enemy in only one way, 
and that was the bold one of storming the fortification. 

After carefully considering to whom the enterprise 
should be intrusted, General Ripley asked Colonel Mil- 
ler of the Twenty-fifth Infantry if he would attempt the 
assault. The reply of Colonel Miller was simply, " I'll 
try, sir." The trial was made. Two regiments were left 
at the foot of the hill, while Colonel Miller led the 
Twenty-fifth up the hillside through a storm of bullets 
and dense clouds of smoke. 

The men, unable to withstand the deadly firing? 
wavered many times, and all the hill-slope seemed 
strewn with dead and wounded. At last the heights 
were gained, and, urged forward by the stern commands 
of their brave leader, the Americans rushed upon the 
English and drove them in a perfect rout out of the for- 
tification. The attempt resulted in a grand victory, and 
Colonel Miller's utterance, " I'll try, sir," has become a 
part of our history. 

Read this story. 

Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, notable, command^ 



78 Exercises in English. 

desperately^ attacked, fortified, eminence, effort, position, stub- 
bornly, resisted, cessation, consultation, agreed, defeat, enemy, 
storming, fortification, carefully, enterprise, intrusted, attempt, 
assault, dense, withstand, strewn, urged, rout, resulted, victory, 
utterance ? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

What part of speech is each word used in the story ? 

Name all the subjects, the predicates, the modifiers of 
each subject and each predicate. 

Name the case of each noun and each pronoun used in 
the story. 

Name the mood and the tense of each verb used. 

Name the degree of comparison of each adjective and 
each adverb used. 



107. The Two Wishes. 

A man in his carriage was riding along, 

A gayly-dressed wife by his side ; 
In satin and laces she looked like a queen, 

And he like a king in his pride. 

A wood-sawyer stood on the street as they passed ; 

The carriage and couple he eyed. 
And said, as he worked with his saw on a log, 

" I wish I was rich and could ride." 

The man in his carriage remarked to his wife, 

" One thing I would have if I could : 
r would give all my wealth for the strength and the 
health 

Of that man who is sawing the wood." 

Read the story. 

Tell it in your own words. 



Exercises in Imglish. 79 

What is the meaning of the words, gayly, queen, sawyer, 
couple, rich, remarked, wealth, eyed, strength, health ? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

What part of speech is each word used in the story. 

Name the case of each noun and each pronoun used in 
the story. 

Name the mood and the tense of each verb used. 

Name the degree of comparison of each adjective and 
each verb used. 



108. The Child and the Lily. 

A baby, alone, in a lowly door, 
Which climbling woodbine made still lower, 
Sat playing with lilies in the sun. 
The loud church-bells had just begun ; 
The kitten pounced in the sparkling grass 
At stealth}^ spiders that tried to pass ; 
The big watch-dog kept a threatening eye 
On me as I lingered walking by. 

The lilies grew high, and she reached up 

On tiny tiptoes to each gold cup, 

And laughed aloud, and talked, and clapped 

Her small brown hands, as the tough stems snapped, 

And flowers fell till the broad hearthstone 

Was covered, and only the topmost one 

Of the lilies left. In sobered glee 

She said to herself, " That's older than me !" 

Read the story. 
Tell it in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, lowly, climbing, wood- 
bine, pounced, sparkling, stealthily, threatening, lingered^ 



80 Exercises in English. 

tiny, tough, covered, topmost, sobered, glee, hearthstone, tip- 
toes ? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

What part of speech is each word used in the story ? 

Name the case of each noun and each pronoun used in 
the story. 

Name the sentences in order from the beginning and 
tell the subject and the predicate of each sentence. 



109. The Miller of the Dee. 

There dwelt a miller, hale and bold, 

Beside the river Dee ; 
He wrought and sang from morn till night ; 

No lark more blithe than he ; 
And this the burden of his song 

For ever used to be : 
" I envy no one — no, not I ! — 

And no one envies me !" 

" Thou'rt wrong, my friend,'' said old King Hal- 

" As wrong as wrong can be ; 
For could my heart be light as thine, 

I'd gladly change with thee. 
And tell me now, what makes thee sing 

With voice so loud and free, 
While I am sad, though I'm the king, 

Beside the river Dee ?" 

The miller smiled and doffed his cap. 
" I earn my bread," quoth he ; 
" I love my wife ; I love my friend ; 
I love my children three ; 



Exercises in English. 81 

I owe no one I cannot pay ; 

I thank the river Dee, 
That turns the mill that grinds the corn 

To feed my babes and me." 

" Good friend," said Hal, and sighed the while, 

" Farewell, and happy be ; 
But say no more, if thou'dst be true, 

That no one envies thee. 
Thy meaty cap is worth my crown ; 

Thy mill, my kingdom's fee. 
Such men as thou art England's boast, 

miller of the Dee !" 

Read the poem. 

Tell the story in your own words. 

What is the meaning of the words, hale^ wrought^ blithe^ 
envies^ doffed, quoth, mealy, boast, burden, gladly, sighed, 
boast, earn? 

Use these words in sentences of your own making. 

What part of speech is each word used in the story ? 

Name the case of each noun and of each pronoun used 
in the story. 

Name the sentences in the story in order from the 
beginning and give the subject and predicate of each 
sentence. 



110. What is a personal pronoun? (Page 50.) 

Name the personal pronouns. 

Use each of them in a sentence. 
<* To which of the personal pronouns can the word self 
or selves be added ? 

Write the words as formed. 

A word formed by adding self or selves to a personal 
pronoun is called a compound personal pronoun. 
6 



82 Exercises in Mnglish. 

I saw him myself. 

He hurt himself by running so much. 

They lost themselves in the desert. 

Name the compound personal pronouns in these sen- 
tences. 

Use in a sentence each of the other compound per- 
sonal pronouns which you have made. 

Which of them are in the singular number? Which 
of them are in the plural number? 



111. When John was at school, he studied diligently. 

Name the pronoun in this sentence. 

What word does it stand for? 

John, who was absent last week, has returned home. 

The tree which you planted is dead. 

The child that was lost has been found. 

Do any words in these sentences stand for other words 
as personal pronouns do ? 

Are they personal pronouns? Why not? 

Are there any words in these sentences which connect 
like conjunctions ? 

Name them. 

A word which connects in the manner of a conjunc- 
tion, and which also relates to an antecedent word, is 
called a relative pronoun. 

In the sentences given, name the relative pronouns. 

Which one is used for a person ? 

Which one is used for a thing ? 

Which one is used in the place of who or which? 

Name the relative pronouns in the following sentences : 

The man who came yesterday is here to-day. 

The bird which sang so sweetly has flown away. 

Susan, who was very sick, has recovered. 

AH that I have I give unto you. 



Exercises in English. 83 

The bird which you killed had made a nest. 
Make five sentences containing the relative who. 
Make five sentences containing the relative which. 
Make five sentences containing the relative that. 



112. Insert the proper relative pronoun in each of 
the following sentences : 

The man was here has returned to his home. 

The men were here have returned to their 

homes. 

The tree you planted still lives. 

The trees you planted still live. 

The child I met was lost. 

The children I met were lost. 

Give the number of the antecedent noun in each sen- 
tence. 

What change, if anj^, occurs in the form of the relative 
pronoun ? 

The singular and plural forms of the relative pronouns 
are the same. 

1. The friend who visited you last summer is here. 

2. The friend whose father is sick in the city returned 
yesterday. 

3. The friend whom I love so dearly sailed for Europe 
last week. 

4. The friend in whom I trusted has deceived me. 

In the first sentence, what relative pronoun is the sub- 
ject of the verb visited? 

In what case is it ? 

In the second sentence, what relative pronoun indi- 
cates possession or ownership ? 

In what case is it ? 

In the third sentence, what relative pronoun is the 
object of the verb love? 



84 Exercises in English. 

In what case is it ? 

In the fourth sentence, what relative pronoun is the 
object of the preposition m? 

In what case is it ? 

In the four sentences just given, what antecedent word 
does the relative stand for ? 

What does the relative connect in each sentence ? 

Write the relative pronouns contained in these sen- 
tences in the order in which they occur. 

Write the case of each of them before it. 

Write the plural form, if it has one, before it. 

1. The flower which pleases me best is the rose. 

2. The flower whose perfume is the richest is the lily. 

3. The flower which I love best is the modest violet. 

In these three sentences, name the relative, give its an- 
tecedent, tell what it connects ; give its case and number, 
and write them in order, with the name of the case 
before it, 

Give a declarative sentence containing the word what. 
Show that it is a relative pronoun. 
What and that have no variation of form to distinguish 
difference in case or number. 



113. To which of the relative pronouns can the words 
ever or soever or so be added ? 

Write the words so formed. 

The words so formed are called compound relative 
pronouns. 



114, Write interrogative sentences, the first com- 
mencing with who; the second, with ivhose ; the third, 
with whom; the fourth, with which; the fifth, with 
what. 



Exercises in English. ^^ 

These pronouns, when so used — that is, to ask ques- 
tions — are called interrogative relative pronouns, or 
simply interrogative pronouns. 

As is often called a relative pronoun when it follows 
many, such or some. 

In the following sentences, name the relative pronouns 
and tell what they connect and what word they stand 
for. If any interrogative pronouns are given, name 
them : 

There was a large stone house that stood by the river. 

Who called me ? 

There goes the woman who called for you. 

Whose book is this ? 

Hail to the chief, who in triumph advances ! 

Here is a man whom you know. 

Whom do you see ? 

The insect which you see is a spider. 

What does he say ? 

Take what you need. 

Do the duty that lies nearest to you. 

I love such as love me. 

Write sentences containing the relative pronouns. 

Write sentences containing the interrogative pro- 
nouns. 

Fill the following blanks with relative or interrogative 
pronouns: 

son is he ? 

General Grant, commanded the army, and 

was elected President, is dead. 



Oh, a dainty plant is the ivy green ! 

creepeth o'er ruins old. 

Here is a man you know, and wishes 

to see you. 

did you know ? 

one was it? 



86 Exercises in English. 

The book you loaned me is on the table. 

did you say ? 

Of . are you speaking ? 

She was the only person understood the mat- 
ter. 

115. 1. Both persons were injured. 

2. Both were killed. 

3. Few people know what to advise. 

4. Few know what to do. 

5. Many soldiers were killed. 

6. Many were killed. 

What word in the first sentence performs the office of 
an adjective ? 

How is the same word used in the second sentence? 

What word in the third sentence is used like an ad- 
jective ? 

How is the same word used in the fourth sentence? 

What word in the fifth sentence is used like an adjec- 
tive? 

How is the same word used in the sixth sentence ? 

A word that may be used as an adjective or as a pro- 
noun is called an adjective pronoun or a pronominal 
adjective. 

Adjective pronouns are divided into three classes — the 
distributive, the demonstrative and the indefinite. 

Use the following adjective pronouns in sentences : 
. 1. This, that, these, those. 

2. Each, every, either, neither. 

3. Any, all, such, both, some, other, one, none. 

The adjective pronouns in the first list are called 
demonstrative ; in the second list, distributive ; in 
the third list, indefinite. 

The distributive pronouns relate to persons or things 
taken separately. 



Exercises .in English. 87 

The demonstrative pronouns point out in a definite 
manner the persons or things to which they relate. 

The indefinite pronouns point out in an indefinite 
manner the persons or things to which they relate. 



Fill the blanks in each of the following sentences with 
demonstrative pronouns, and analyze the sentence : 

man is a hero. 

men are brave. 

person is a remarkable singer. 

persons were members of the society. 

carpet was bought before one. 

apples are prettier than 



Fill the blanks in each of the following sentences with 
distributive pronouns, and analyze the sentence : 

. man performs the duty allotted. 

girl received a book. 

Have you received permission from party ? 

of the dogs was seen. 

man must give an account for himself. 



Fill the blanks in each of the following sentences with 
indefinite pronouns, and analyze the sentence. 

may come to-day ; may come to- 
morrow. 

bird was seen flying. 

a scene was never before witnessed. 

of the party were suspected. 

, persons are forbidden to trespass. 

. rational beings desire happiness. 

parties were mistaken. 

Let person come -and see ^ sights as 

were never seen before. 



88 Exercises in. English. 

116. Ambitious pupils give much time to study. 

Do careless pupils study their lessons? 

Boys, study your lessons. 

Which of these sentences makes a statement ? 

Which asks a question ? 

Which contains a command ? 

A sentence which makes a statement is called a de- 
clarative sentence. 

A sentence which is used as a question is called an 
interrog-ative s»ntence. 

A sentence which is used as a command is called an 
imperative sentence. 

To which of these three classes of sentences does each 
of the following sentences belong ? — 

Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania. 

In what direction does the Susquehanna River flow ? 

Where does it rise ? 

Bird fly. 

Have you spoken the truth ? 

John, come home ! 

Mary, go to school ! 

Have you been to school ? 

Music hath charms. 

When did General Washington die ? 

Truth is stranger than fiction. 

When will you be stronger? 

Our chains are already forged. 

Strike for your altars and your fires ! 

Write ten declarative sentences. 

Write ten interrogative sentences. 

Write ten imperative sentences. 



117. Truthful pupils are esteemed. 
Pupils who are truthful are esteemed. 



Exercises in English. 89 

Earnest, industrious men will succeed. 

Men who are earnest and industrious will succeed. 

How does the first of these sentences differ from the 
second ? 

How does the third sentence differ from the fourth ? 

How many subjects and predicates in the first sen- 
tence ?- in the second ? in the third ? in the fourth ? 

What is the modifier of the subject in the first sen- 
tence ? in the second ? in the third ? in the fourth ? 

How does the modifier in the second sentence differ 
from the modifier in the first? 

How does the modifier in the fourth sentence differ 
from the modifier in the third sentence? 

Which modifiers contain a subject and a verb ? 

An expression in a sentence which contains a subject 
and a predicate, and which is used as a modifier, is 
called a clause. 

Clauses are used as adjectives, as adverbs or as nouns. 

A sentence which contains but one subject and one 
predicate is called a simple sentence. 

A sentence which contains a clause is called a com- 
plex sentence. 

Tell whether the following sentences are simple or 
complex. In the sentences which are complex, name 
the subject and the predicate of the sentence and of the 
clause. Tell whether the clause is used as an adjective 
modifier, an adverbial modifier or a noun modifier. 
Tell whether the clause modifies the subject or the pred- 
icate. 

General Grant, who commanded the army, was a lover 
of peace. 

Persons who are quarrelsome should be avoided. 

The general, after the battle was over, returned to his 
home. 

No one doubts that he told the truth. 



90 Exercises in English, 

They who violate the laws must be punished. 

He firmly believed all that you told him. 

The man who changes his friends will soon need them. 

Our man who attended to the horses has gone to 
another city. 

It was my father who told me about the adventure. 

We all know the person to whom you refer. 

We want the money which you promised us. 

The flowers that bloom in the spring are very lovely. 

Write five sentences containing clauses which are used 
as adjective modifiers. 

Write five sentences containing clauses which are used 
as adverbial modifiers. 

Write five sentences containing clauses which are used 
as noun modifiers. 



118. 1. The officers were elected. 

2. The meeting then adjourned. 

3. It was December. 

4. The cold was intense. 

What kind of sentences are these ? 

Can the first two be united into one sentence ? 

Can the third and fourth be united into one sentence ? 

Write the sentences when they have been connected. 

W' hat word was used to connect them ? 

What part of speech is it ? 

A sentence which consists of two or more sentences 
connected by a conjunction is called a compound sen- 
tence. 

The separate sentences that make a compound sentence 
are called the members. 

The members of a compound sentence may be simple 
or complex sentences. 



Exercises in English. 91 

What kind of a sentence is each of the following ? 

The stage-coach arrived, and we started on our jour- 
ney. 

The crime is a horrible one, and the punishment 
should be severe. 

The army was defeated, and the soldiers fled in great 
confusion. 

Exercise promotes health and strengthens the body. 

Art is long and time is fleeting. 

God made the country, and man made the town. 

I go, but I return. 

I saw at the factory how a knife is made. 

The book remained where it was left. 

They will come when they are ready, but I will not be 
here to see them. 

That he was intemperate was well known to all. 

He was told by the farmer who employed him that his 
services could not be spared, and that he would be re- 
quired to report for duty on the day following. 

Bring forth the prisoner, and let him hear the decision 
of the judges. 

Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings ? 

Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. 

Time slept on flowers and lent his glass to Hope. 
I know thou art gone where the weary are blest, 
And the mourner looks up and is glad. 



119. 1. Wise men are needed. 

2. Men of wisdom are needed. 

3. Men who are wise are needed. 

Name the single-word modifier in the first sentence. 
Name the phrase modifier in the second sentence. 
Name the clause modifier in the third sentence. 
What do they each modify ? 



92 Exercises in English. 

Are these modifiers adjective or adverbial ? 

Is there any difference in the meaning of these sen- 
tences ? 

Words may be expanded to phrases, and phrases to 
clauses. 

1. Men who are rich should remember the poor. 

2. Men of riches should remember the poor. 

3. Rich men should remember the poor. 

Name the clause modifier in the first sentence ; the 
phrase modifier in the second sentence ; the single-word 
modifier in the third sentence. 

What do they each modify ? 

Is there any difference in the meaning of these sen- 
tences ? 

Clauses may be contracted to phrases, and phrases to 
single-word modifiers. 

Expand the single-word modifier in each of the follow- 
ing sentences to a phrase, and then to a clause : 

A boy had a coin of silver. 

The girl wore a straw hat. 

They live in a stone house. 

He turned suddenly. 

He walked rapidly. 

The willow is a graceful tree. 

She is a lovely girl. 

Do 3^ou follow French fashions ? 

The German orchestra will play at the opera. 

Do you hear the children's voices? 

Expand the phrases in the following sentences into 
clauses : 

The pupils go out at recess. 

She smiled in a pleasant manner. 

I will see you in the morning. 

He takes no delight in the punishment of children. 

John will be punished for insolence. 



Exercises in English. 93 

William acted in a noble manner. 

Sweet is the music of birds. 

There lives a man of learning. 

The trees on the mountain are small. 

Swallows return in spring. 

The tree in the fence-corner is an oak. 

Write five sentences with single-word modifiers of the 
subject or of the predicate. 

Expand the modifier, if you can, to a phrase, and 
write the sentence. 

Expand the modifier to a. clause and write the sen- 
tence. 

Write five sentences containing clauses. 

Contract the clause to a phrase and write the sentence. 

Contract the phrase to a single word and write the sen- 
tence. 



120. Write a simple sentence showing the location 
of Australia. 

Write a compound sentence giving in the first member 
its boundaries and in the second its extent. 

Write a compound sentence containing several mem- 
bers, each member referring to one of the following facts 
concerning Australia — viz., neighboring islands, oceans, 
principal river, interior territory. 

Write a compound sentence, each member of which 
shall be complex, about the vegetable and animal pro- 
ductions of Australia. 

Give an account of a journey to Australia, telling of 
the voyage, the people and their occupations, and the 
nature and extent of their commerce. 

Write a complex sentence about the government of 
Australia. 

Write a compound sentence about its chief cities. 



94 Exercises in English. 

Write five or more interrogative sentences about Aus- 
tralia. 



121. Write a simple sentence giving the principal 
divisions of Oceanica. 

Write a compound sentence, with complex members, 
about the Sandwich Islands, showing their location, pro- 
ductions, inhabitants and commerce. 



122. Write a composition upon your own State, giving 
a complex or a compound sentence for each of the fol- 
lowing points : 

Boundaries ; natural features ; chief cities and towns ; 
mineral, animal and vegetable productions; govern- 
ment ; historical events and prominent men. 



123. Write a complex sentence stating what is meant 
by the American Revolution. 

Give one or more simple or complex sentences about 
each of the following causes of the war of the Revolu- 
tion : 

The Navigation Acts. 

Taxation. 

The Stamp Act. 

Occupation of Boston by British troops. 

Boston Massacre. 

Non-importation Act. 

Importation of tea. 

Give a statement, consisting of one or more simple and 
complex sentences, about the First Continental Congress, 
showing its origin, composition and actions. 

Make a similar statement about the beginning of the 



Exercises in English. 95 

war, giving the events that occurred in New England 
and Canada in 1775 and 1776. 

Write a composition about the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, giving its history, its objects and some of the 
reasons mentioned in it for making it. 

Write statements about the campaigns of 1776, 1777, 
1778, in the Middle States, giving the movements of the 
armies, principal battles and results. 

Write statements about the campaigns of 1778, 1779, 
1780, 1781, in the Southern States, giving the movements 
of the armies, principal battles and results. 

Write sentences, complex or compound, about the con- 
clusion of the war, telling when the final treaty of peace 
was made and what were the results of the war. 

Write sentences about the following : 

The Articles of Confederation. 

State of the country at the close of the war. 

Organization of the North-west Territory. 

Extent of the country. 

Adoption of the Constitution. 

Write short sketches of the prominent men of the Rev- 
olutionary times. 



124. Give complex and compound sentences about 
the following events in Washington's administration : 
Inauguration. 
Prominent statesmen. 
Financial policy. 
Seat of government. 
Invention of the cotton-gin. 
Whisky Insurrection. 
Admission of States. 
Political parties. 
National Bank. 



96 Exercises in English. 

Difficulties with France. 

Treaties with England, France, Spain and Algiers. 



125. Give similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of John Adams : 
Alien and Sedition laws. 
Death of Washington. 
Removal of capital. 
Trouble with France. 



126. Give similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of Thomas Jefferson : 
War with Tripoli. 
Purchase of Louisiana. 
War between England and France. 
Conspiracy of Aaron Burr. 
Invention of steamboat. 
Exploration of Oregon. 
Embargo Act. 
Non-intercourse Act. 
Admission of States. 



127. Give similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of James Madison : 
The causes of the war with Great Britain. 
The invasion of Canada. 
The surrender of Detroit. 
The battle of Queenstown Heights. 
Naval engagements of 1812. 
Battle of the Thames. 
Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 
Creek Indian war. 



Exercises in English. 97 

Naval engagements of 1813. 

Battle of Lundy's Lane. 

Burning of Washington. 

Battle of Lake Champlain. 

Hartford Convention. 

Treaty of Peace. 

Battle of New Orleans. 

Naval engagements of 1814 and 1815. 

War with Algiers. 

Admission of States. 



128. Give similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of James Monroe : 
Acquisition of Florida. 
Monroe Doctrine. 
Seminole war. 
Missouri Compromise. 
Internal improvements. 
Admission of new States. 



129. Give similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of John Quincy Adams: 
First railroad. 
Erie Canal. 
Political parties. 



130. Write similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of Andrew Jackson : 
Rotation in office. 
United States Bank. 
Nullification Act. 
Tariff Compromise. 



98 Exercises in English. 

The Whig party. 
The Abolitionists. 
Indian wars. 
Distribution of surplus. 
Specie circular. 
Admission of new States. 
Useful inventions. 
Railroads. 



131. Write similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of Martin Van Buren : 
Sub-Treasury system. 
Mormonism. 
The Abolition party. 



132. Write similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of William Henry Harri- 
son and John Tyler : 

Acquisition of Oregon. 

Annexation of Texas. 

United States Bank. 

Dorr Rebellion. 

Anti-rent difficulties. 

The telegraph. 

Admission of new States. 



133. Write similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of James K. Polk : 
North-west boundary. 
The Mexican war. 
The campaign of General Taylor. 
The campaign of General Scott. 
The conquest of New Mexico, 



Exercises in English. 99 

The conquest of California. 
The treaty of peace. 
The territory acquired. 
The Wilmot Proviso. 
Gold in California. 
Admission of new States. 
Important inventions. 



134. Write similar sentences about the following 
events in the administrations of Zachary Taylor and 
Millard Fillmore : 

The compromise of 1850. 

The Fugitive Slave law. 

Growth of the country. 

New States admitted. 



135. Write similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of Franklin Pierce: 
Kansas-Nebraska Act. 
The Gadsden Purchase. 
Formation of the Republican party. 



136. Write similar sentences about the following 
events in the administration of James Buchanan: 
Difficulties with the Mormons. 
Admission of States. 
Atlantic cable. 
Dred-Scott decision. 
John Brown's raid. 
Fugitive Slave law. 
Secession of South Carolina. 
Fort Sumter. 
The formation of the Southern Confederacy. 

L.ofC. 



100 Exercises in English. 

137. Make a complex sentence about the administra- 
tion of Abraham Lincohi. 

Write sentences, simple, complex or compound, about 
the following : 

The cause of the civil war. 

The operations of the army in the East during the 
years 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865. 

The operations of the army and navy in the West dur- 
ing the same years. 

The operations of the navy along the coast during the 
same years. 

The Emancipation Proclamation. 
The general results of the civil war. 
The cost of the war in men and money. 
Write one or more compound sentences about each of 
the following administrations : 

Andrew Johnson. William McKinley. 

Rutherford B. Hayes. Theodore Roosevelt. 
James A. Garfield. 
Chester A. Arthur. 
Grover Cleveland. 
Benjamin Harrison. 
Write short sketches of the prominent military leaders 
and statesmen who lived during the civil war. 



138. Write a statement showing the growth of the 
country in territory from the close of the Revolutionary 
war to the present time. 

Write statements showing the progress of discovery, 
invention and literature since the beginning of Washing- 
ton's administration. 

Write statements showing the order of admission of 
New States to the Union and the growth of population. 



Exercises in English. 101 

139. Write complex or compound sentences about 
the following : 

The circulation of the blood. 

The structure of the heart. 

The structure of the lungs. 

Respiration. 

The composition of air. 

The necessity for pure air. 

The skin. 

The necessity of bathing. 

The utility of clothing. 

The general properties of matter. 

Gravitation. 

The pressure of the atmosphere. 

The mechanical powers. 



140. Make arithmetical examples asking for the fol- 
lowing : 

The interest on a sum of money for a given time and 
rate. 

The amount of a sum of money placed on interest for a 
given time and rate. 

The compound interest of a sum of money for a given 
time and rate. 

The commercial discount on a sum of money. 

The principal, having the rate, time and amount 
given. 

The bank discount on a sum of money for a given time 
and rate. 

The /ace of a note when the proceeds, rate and time are 
given. 

The division of profits or losses among partners who 
have unequal sums invested. 



102 Exercises in English. 

The division of profits or losses among partners who 
have amounts invested for unequal times. 

Tell in your own words how you would perform such 
examples. 



141. Write a receipt for rent; for money received 
on account; for the settlement of an account in full. 

Write a promissory note. 

John Johnson has sold dry goods to George Anderson. 

Make out the bill and receipt it. 

Write the check which George Anderson gives in pay- 
ment. 

If you should buy hardware from Thomas Jennings, 
write the bill which you would receive from him. 

If you should give him a promissory note in payment 
of this bill, show how you would word it. 

Use the following words in sentences which refer to 
some commercial transaction : 

Debtor, creditor; debit, credit; account, account-cur- 
rent ; balance, receipt, interest ; promissory note, drawer, 
indorser. 



142. Write a composition upon coal^ using the follow- 
ing heads or subdivisions : 
a. Its structure and origin. 
h. Where found. 

c. How procured. 

d. Its uses. 

Write a composition upon each of the following sub- 
jects, first making a list of the subdivisions or heads : 

Water ; plants ; animals ; rivers ; railroads ; steam- 
boats ; schools; the Chinese; the negro; volcanoes; 



Exercises in English. 103 

farm-products ; trees ; flowers ; rain ; snow ; ice ; sports ; 

money ; great cities. 

Write a description of the following places or scenes : 
The sea-shore ; a farm ; a race ; a skating-scene ; a 

snowfall ; an orchard ; a garden. 



143. Write a letter subscribing to some magazine, 
and telling how much money you enclose and in what 
form. 

Write a note to a friend requesting an interview, stat- 
ing clearly the time and place. 

Write a note inviting a friend to dinner. 

Write a note accepting an invitation to dinner. 

Write a note to some one asking for a recommendation. 

Write a note declining to accept an invitation to ac- 
company a friend to a concert. 

Write a letter to a friend telling him about some 
places that you have visited, or about some books that 
you have read, or about some acquaintances that you 
have made, using one or more of the following contrac- 
tions in the body or in the address of the letter : 
Prof, Lieut, P. S., P. 0., A. D., 

B. C, Md., S. C, 111., D. C. 

Make a diagram of the envelope and write the address 
thereon. 



144. John strikes. 

Name the verb. 

Who is the actor ? 

What word is the subject of the verb ? 

To whom is the act done ? 

Add a word which will complete the statement 

In what case is this word ? 



104 Exercises in English. 

Verbs which require an object are called transitive 
verbs. 

The man walks. 

Name the verb ; the subject. 

Is there an object to this verb ? 

Is the statement complete ? 

Can you add any word which you think is necessary 
to complete the statement ? 

Verbs which do not require an object are called intran- 
sitive verbs. 

In the following sentences, tell which verbs are transi- 
tive and which are intransitive. Name the noun or the 
pronoun which is the object of the verb; 

They hate vice. 

Susan reads her book. 

He goes to school. 

They found money. 

I love him. 

John swims. 

You smile at me. 

Birds fly in the air. 

Can you make a sled ? 

I regret your misfortune. 

We dance for joy. 

We desire improvement. 

You assisted them. 

The boys annoy me. 

We held the flag. 

Lucy struck the table. 

Children, obey your parents. 

He was the man. 

John is a happy boy. 



Exercises in English. 105 

145. 1. John found a dollar. 

2. A dollar was found by John. 

Name the verb in each of these sentences. 

What is the subject in the first sentence ? 

What is the subject in the second sentence ? 

What is the object of the verb in the first sentence ? 

What is the object of the preposition in the second sen- 
tence ? 

What change takes place in the case of the subject and 
object of the first sentence when used in the second sen- 
tence ? 

Which verb in the two sentences is transitive, and 
which is intransitive? 

Voice is that form of the transitive verb which shows 
whether the subject of the verb acts or is acted upon. 

There are two voices, the active voice and the pas- 
sive voice. 

The active voice is that form of the transitive verb 
which shows that its subject represents the actor. 

The passive voice is that form of the transitive verb 
which shows that its subject represents the person or 
thing which is acted upon. 

Use the following verbs in the active voice: strike, 
love, offer, respect, possess, see, do, capture, send, limit. 

Use them in the passive voice. 

Are these verbs transitive or intransitive ? 

Use the verbs walk, sleep, come, rise, weep, go, smile, 
swim, rejoice, in the active voice. 

Can they be used in the passive voice ? 

Are these verbs transitive or intransitive ? 

Transitive verbs only have voice. 

In what voice is the verb in each of the following sen- 
tences ? — 

He listened to what we said, but he did not refer to it. 



106 Exercises in English.- 

The stranger stole the farmer's horse. 

The genius of Scott is admitted by all literary men. 

Interest for ten years has accumulated. 

We shall support the measure. 

The prisoner pleaded guilty. 

I take my dinner at noon. 

He fell on the pavement. 

He denied that he circulated the report. 

In six days God made the world. 

Thomas's fortune was made by industry. 

My father admonished Jane. 

I own this pen. 

His good name was retained. 

William calls Henry. 

John befriended the deserted man. 

The act was done by William. 

The farmer ploughs the ground. 

He may spend his time in reading. 

Change the verbs in the passive voice to the active 
voice, and rewrite the sentence. 

Change the verbs in the active voice to the passive 
voice, and rewrite the sentence. 

The passive voice is made by prefixing to its perfect 
participle the various forms of the verb to be. 



146. In the following sentences, examine the manner 
in which the act of coming is expressed by the verb : 

He comes to you to-morrow. 

If he come to jovl to-morrow, will he stay ? 

I may come to-morrow. 

Come to-morrow. 

In which sentence is the act of coming expressed as a 
certainty or a fact ? 

In which sentence is the act expregsed ^g a command ? 



Exercises in English. 107 

In which sentence is the act expressed as a supposi- 
tion? 

In which sentence is the act expressed as a possibil- 
ity? 

Examine the form of the verb in each sentence. 

Mood is a variation in the form of a verb to denote 
the manner in which the assertion is made of the sub- 
ject. 

Finite verbs have jour moods — the indicative mood, 
the subjunctive mood, the potential mood and the 
imperative mood. 

The indicative mood states a fact or asks a question. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the indicative 
mood. 

The potential mood expresses possibihty , liberty, power, 
will or obligation either directly or as a question. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the potential 
mood. 

The subjunctive mood expresses a supposition. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the subjunc- 
tive mood. 

The imperative mood expresses a command. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the imperative 
mood. 

In what mood is each verb in the following sen- 
tences? — 

The house was sold. 

The law has been broken. 

You should obey all just commands. 

He would not stay. 

If he study, he will improve. 

Though he slay me, yet will I trust him. 

May I go home ? 

You can hear me distinctly. 

Boys must not be rude. 



108 Exercises in English. 

If I should go, you would follow me. 

Sing the songs I love best. 

Play with me. 

I might not be able to come. 

Come with me. 

You can try. 

If at first you don't succeed, 
Try, try again. 

Honor thy father and mother. 

The general ordered the city to be burned. 

Ring out, wild bells ! 

I would go, if I were in your place. 
In what voice is each transitive verb in these sen- 
tences ? 



147. In the following sentences, name the verb and 
tell what you think of the time of the action expressed 
by the verb : 

1. He writes a letter. 

2. He wrote a letter. 

3. He will write a letter. 

4. He has written a letter this week. 

5. He had written the letter before you came. 

6. He will have written the letter before you come 
to-morrow. 

What is the time, or tense, of the verb in the first sen- 
tence ? in the second sentence ? in the third sentence ? 

In the fourth sentence, what is the time of the action 
expressed by the verb? in the fifth sentence? in the 
sixth ? 

How is the time limited in each of these sentences ? 

The present perfect tense represents an act as com- 



Exercises in English. 109 

pleted in a period of time of which the present moment 
is a part. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the present 
perfect tense. 

The past perfect tense represents an act as com- 
pleted in past time. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the past per- 
fect tense. 

The future perfect tense represents an act as com- 
pleted in future time. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the future 
perfect tense. 

Write ten sentences containing verbs in the present 
tense. 

Change the verb to the past tense, and read the sen- 
tence. 

Change the verb to the future tense, and read the sen- 
tence. 

Change the verb to the present perfect tense, and read 
the sentence. 

Change the verb to the past perfect tense, and read the 
sentence. 

Change the verb to the future perfect tense, and read 
the sentence. 

In the following sentences, give the tense of each verb, 
its mood, its voice, its subject, its number and its person : 

A farmer ploughs the ground and sows the seed, and 
gathers at harvest-time the fruits of his toil. 

When the time comes, you will hear from me. 

The time has arrived, and now let every man be at his 
post. 

When the messenger arrived, I had retired for the 
night. 

They will have been gone two years before I see them. 

If I were you, I would not go. 



110 Exercises in English. 

You should listen. 

Children, obey your parents. 

You may retire. 

Give the voice, mood, tense, number and person of 
each verb in the stories on pages 75, 76 and 77. 

Give the gender, number, person and case of each pro- 
noun. 



148. The tenses of the potential mood are known by 
the forms of the auxiliary verb. 

The indicative mood has six tenses, the potential 
mood has four tenses, the subjunctive mood has two. 
tenses, and the imperative mood has one tense. 

Write a sentence containing a verb in the present tense 
of the indicative mood. 

Write sentences containing verbs in each of the remain- 
ing tenses of the indicative mood. 

Write sentences containing verbs in each of the tenses 
of the potential mood. 

Write sentences containing verbs in each of the tenses 
of the subjunctive mood. 

Write a sentence containing a verb in the imperative 
mood. 

In the sentences you have written that contain transi- 
tive verbs change the verb to the passive voice, and re- 
write the sentence. 

Use the personal pronouns — singular and plural — of the 
first, second and third person, as subjects of the verb love 
in the present tense of the indicative mood, active voice. 

Write the same pronouns with the past tense of the 
same verb in the same mood and voice; in the future 
tense; in the present perfect ; in the past perfect ; in the 
future perfect. ; '•■■■• 



Exercises in Eraglisli. Ill 

Use the passive voice of the same verb in all the tenses 
of the indicative mood. 

Use each of the four tenses of the potential mood with 
the same pronouns, first in the active voice, then in the 
passive voice. 

Use each of the two tenses of the subjunctive mood in 
the same manner. 

Can you use the imperative mood with the same pro- 
nouns ? With which one can it be used ? 



149. A sleeping dog should not be disturbed. 

A dog, sleeping in the sun, was seen. 

Dogs spend much time in sleeping. 

Name the subjects and the predicates in each of these 
sentences. 

What word in each of the three sentences denotes 
action, like a verb? 

Which one is used to describe a noun, like an adjec- 
tive ? 

Which one is used in an adjective phrase ? 

Which one is used as a noun ? 

A word which is derived from a verb, and which par- 
takes of the nature of an adjective, is called a parti- 
ciple. 

Make sentences containing the words, running, loving, 
laboring, speaking, dreaming, creeping, fighting, used 
before nouns, in the manner of an adjective. 

Make sentences containing the same words, but used 
as a noun that is the subject of a verb, or as the object 
of a verb or a preposition. 

Make sentences containing the same words used to 
express a fact not predicated of any subject. 

In these sentences, what form is common to all the 
participles ? 



112 Exercises in English. 

From what verbs are each of the following participles 
derived ? — 

Walking, resting, fighting, sleeping, loving, eating, 
jumping, denying, studying. 

Phrases which are introduced by a participle are called 
participial phrases. 

The frightened sailors hid themselves. 

The sailors, frightened at the scene, hid themselves. 

The swollen river rushed madly by. 

The river, swollen by the rains, could not be forded. 

The torn book could not be used. 

The book, torn by many fingers, could not be used. 

Name the subject and the predicate in each of these 
sentences. 

Which words are participles ? 

What is the form of the participles in these sentences ? 

Name the participial phrases. 

What do they modify ? 

Are they adjective or adverbial ? 

Having written the letter, he came to me. 

Having heard the news, he became careless. 

Having seen the President, he returned to his home. 

Name the subject and the predicate in each of these 
sentences. 

Which words are participles ? 

What is the form of the participles in these sentences ? 

How many forms of participles are there ? 

The present participle ends in ing", and expresses a 
present act. 

The past or perfect participle commonly ends with ed 
or t, and expresses a finished or completed act. 

The compound perfect participle is formed by prefix- 
ing the present participle having before the perfect parti- 
ciple, and expresses a completed act before something 
else mentioned. 



Exercises in English. 113 

In the following sentences, name the participles and 
tell to which class of participles each belongs. 

I saw a man laboring in the field. 

The brook, rippling and murmuring, is full of music. 

I saw the woman planting a flower. 

I saw the flowers planted by the woman. 

The oxen, frightened by the storm, rushed wildly on. 

We heard of farms overflowed and cattle drowned. 

We saw our lands devastated. 

The sun having risen, we started on our journey. 

He departed, vexed at his disappointment. 

The robber fled, leaving his horse behind him. 

Having heard the news, they were satisfied. 

The girl, loved by her friends, loved them in return. 

The boy admired by all was drowned. 

Having written the letter, he, worn out by his journey, 
retired to his room. 

Saul, entering into every house, made havoc of the 
Church. 

The dog, hearing the master's voice, ran to him. 

A city set upon a hill cannot be hid. 

The participles of transitive verbs are used in the pas- 
sive form. 

Present. Perfect. Compound perfect. 

Active, Loving, loved, having loved. 

Passive, Being loved, loved, having been loved. 

Use each of these forms in a sentence. 

Which of these forms are alike in both voices? 

Name the active and the passive participles derived 
from the verb, strike, plant, write, save, injure, admire, 
carry, lose, accuse, receive make. 

How many diff'erent forms of participles for transitive 
verbs ? 

How many difi'erent forms of participles for intransi- 
tive verbs ? 



114 Exercises in English. 

150. A participle used before a noun and describing 
like an adjective is called a participial adjective. 

A participle used as a noun is called a participial 
noun. 

In the following sentences, name the participial adjec- 
tives, the participial nouns and the participles : 

The rippling of the brook pleased me. 

A rippling brook was before me. 

The brook, rippling over its stony bed, sang its old 
working-song. 

A beloved sister and an honored father are all that are 
left to me. 

A sister beloved by all was all that was left. 

Satan exalted sat, by merit raised to that eminence. 

Defeated at every turn, hemmed in on all sides, the 
beleaguered army surrendered. 

In running he became proficient. 

Writing letters is easier than writing compositions. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate each of the forms of 
the participles, active and passive. 

Write ten sentences containing participles used as 
adjectives. 

Write ten sentences containing participles used as 
nouns in the objective case. 

Use a participial noun in the nominative case. 

How is the passive voice made ? (p. 106.) 

In the following sentences, 

The earth is warmed. 

The pitcher was broken, 

She has been taught. 

He will have been warned, 

I was pleased to hear from him. 

He was appointed by the President, 

What is the subject? the verb ? the voice of the verb ? 
Name the perfect participle. 



Exercises in English. 115 

Name the participial phrases in the following sentences : 
Waving the flag, the captain led his men in the charge. 
A man, bent with age, was seen at the door. 
Having taken a last look at their homes, they sailed 
westward. 

Write ten sentences containing participial phrases. 



151. Name the subject and the verb in each of the 
following sentences : 

He was quarrelling. 

She has been teaching. 

I am studying. 

We are going home. 

They will be coming. 

Birds are flying. 

How does the verb in these sentences differ from the 
verbs in the previous sentences ? What forux of parti 
ciple is used? 

The progressive form of a verb is made by prefixing to 
its present participle the various parts of the verb to he. 

In the following sentences, tell which verbs are used 
in the passive voice and which verbs are used in the 
progressive form : 

The trees were shaken by the wind. 

The trees were shaking in the wind. 

I was afraid that he was quarrelling. 

We have been told the news. 

I have been telling them all. 

He has been attending to his business. 

The business has been attended to. 

We are leaving in haste. 

John has been helping his brother James. 

James has been helped by his brother John. 

She was entertained by music. 



116 Exercises in English. 

I have not been entertaining strangers. 

We are coming. 

Spring is coming. 

Have you been told who is coming ? 

John is writing a letter. 

A letter was Avritten by John. 

The boy is keeping his secret. 

The secret was kept by the boy. 

The child which was lost has been found. 

I have been dreaming of wars. 

The house was burned. 

You have been throwing stones. 

The money was given to me. 

Have you been running ? 

Write ten sentences each containing a verb in the pas- 
sive voice. 

Write ten sentences each containing a verb in the pro- 
gressive form. 



152. I do know. He does know. I did know. 

I have known. I had known. He has known. 

I shall know. I will know. I may know. 

I can know. I must know. I might know. 

I could know. I would know. I should know. 

In each of these expressions, name the subject ; name 
the verb. How do the verbs differ from each other? 
What word is prefixed in each expression? 

Which verbs are in the indicative mood ? 

Which verbs are in the potential mood ? 

What words are used in forming the verbs of the 
potential mood? 

Which verbs in the indicative mood are in the present 
tense ? in the past tense ? in the present perfect tense ? 
in the past perfect tense ? in the future tense ? in the 
future perfect tense ? 



Exercises in English. 117 

What words are used in forming the different tenses of 
the indicative mood ? 

Words which help to form the different moods and 
tenses of verbs are called auxiliary verbs. 

The auxiliaries do and did make the emphatic form of 
the verb. 

153. John loves to play. 

Mary began to sing. 

In these sentences name the subject ; the verb. 

What is a verb ? 

Are the words jplay and sing verbs by this definition ? 

Name the subject of each of these verbs. 

Verbs which are not limited by either person or num- 
ber are said to be in the infinitive mood. 

To is the sign of the infinitive mood. 

The infinitive mood has two tenses — the present and 
the present perfect. 

Write ten verbs in the infinitive mood, present tense. 

Write ten verbs in the infinitive mood, perfect tense. 

Use each of these verbs in a sentence. 

In each of the following sentences, name the verb. In 
what mood is it ? — 

I saw him strike his friend. 

His father told him to go. 

Mary heard the boy scream. 

The builder will make his men finish the work in time. 

Let me go. 

Which verbs are in the infinitive mood ? 

Which have the sign of this mood omitted? 

To, the sign of the infinitive mood, is omitted after the 
active voice of the verbs hid^ dare^ need, make, see, hear, 
feel, let, and some others. 

Use each of these verbs in a sentence after the active 
voice of a verb. 



118 Exercises in English. 

Use each of these verbs in a sentence after the passive 
voice of the same verb. 

A phrase introduced by an infinitive is called an infin- 
itive phrase. 

In the following sentences, name the infinitive phrase : 

He is known to have assisted the poor. 

His father was anxious to hear the news. 

A messenger was sent to announce his coming. 

Write ten sentences containing infinitive phrases. 



154. Webster the statesman is dead. 

John the Baptist was beheaded. 

Do you know Johnson the bookseller ? 

We the people do ordain this Constitution. 

In each of these sentences, name the subject ; name 
the verb. If the verbs are transitive, name the ob- 
ject. 

What word in each sentence represents the same thing 
as another word in the same sentence ? 

You 3^ourself are to blame. 

I, I am the man who told you. 

Cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water. 

In each of these sentences, name the subject ; name 
the verb. 

What word in each sentence represents the same thing 
as another word in the same sentence ? 

A noun or pronoun added to another, either to explain 
or to emphasize, is said to be in apposition. 

Write ten expressions which contain words in apposi- 
tion. 

Use these expressions in sentences. 

Give the case of all the nouns and pronouns used. 



Exercises in English. 119 

155. Give the past tense and the perfect participle 
of the verbs, love, learn, pull, admire, blame, separate, join, 
fear, attend. 

What letters are added ? 

Give the past tense and the perfect participle of the 
verbs, go, do, teach, write, lay, lie, break, think. 

A verb which does not form its past tense and its per- 
fect participle by the addition of d or ed to the present 
form is called an irregular verb. 

All other verbs are called regular. 

Make a list of irregular verbs, and use the past tense 
and perfect participle of each one in a sentence. 

Write five sentences containing regular verbs, and tell 
how the past tense and the perfect participle of each one 
is formed. 



156. Write twenty simple sentences, each of them 
containing two of the following words : villain, furlough, 
bilious, lettuce, shepherd, rheumatism, separate, business, 
deceitful, ceremony, garrison, militia, Wednesday, Febru- 
ary, suicide, chagrin, pigeon, cemetery, scheme, contempt- 
ible, auxiliary, requisite, preferable, comparative, predi- 
cate, antecedent, interrogative, anthracite, juicy, rhino- 
ceros, hemorrhage, picturesque, poignant, chyme, chyle, 
receivable, finances, petroleum. Great Britain, numskull. 

Write twenty complex sentences, each of them contain- 
ing three of the following words : susceptible, fascination, 
succor, alpaca, parasite, heinous, college, membrane, es- 
sential, nauseate, sanguine, hygiene, massacre, campaign, 
larynx, oxygen, coalesce, characteristics, specie, neutral- 
ity, prairie, precious, banana, codicil, eligible, auxiliary, 
intercede, supersede, alacrity, armistice, analyze, tran- 
quillize, mercenary, promissory, scarcity, muscle, siege, 
celery,, cession, session^ indict^ alien, Christian, succumb, 



120 Exercises in English. 

mucus, schedule, querulous, prophetic, linguist, medal- 
lion, ginghajn, pecuniary, descendant, adjacent, vegeta- 
tion, receivable, bouquet, fugitive, repetition, abstinence. 



157. Use each word in the following list in a num- 
ber of separate sentences, using it in each sentence as 
a different part of speech : patient, race, mail, pen, well, 
swallow, letter, last, mine, watch, page, pine, hide, arm, 
sole, fare, post, lean, down, mean, season, light, bank. 



158. Change the following nouns to adjectives by 
adding a syllable : wood, grass, mercy, gold, silver, fear, 
flax, cloud, tear, wax, water, fire, truth, stealth, worth. 



159. Make lists of words beginning with the prefixes 
contra, extra, mis, per, pro, pre, sub, ad, con, mis, un. 



160. Give the meanings of the following words, and 
use each word in a sentence : inscribe, describe, proscribe, 
prescribe; admit, commit, remit, submit; repel, expel, 
compel, propel ; acclaim, declaim, reclaim, proclaim ; in- 
form, reform, perform, deform; fortify, glorify, horrify, 
terrify; invoke, provoke, convoke, revoke; persist, con- 
sist, resist, insist ; compose, depose, suppose, repose ; in- 
vert, convert, divert, revert; contract, retract, distract, 
protract. 



161. In the following sentences, name the different 
parts of speech; give all the attributes of the nouns, 



Exercises in English. 121 

pronouns and verbs ; give the degree of comparison of 
the adjectives and adverbs ; and name the subject, the 
predicate and all the modifiers of each : 

He that filches from me my good name 
Robs me of that which ne'er enriches him 
And makes me poor indeed. 

He professed great love for him. 

Art is long and time is fleeting. 

A soldier of the legion lay dying in Algiers. 

Princes and lords may flourish for a while. 

Night had anchored the moon 

Not a moment too soon 
Under the lee of the sky ; 

For the north wind blew, 

And the rain fell too, 
And the river of Dee ran high. 



162. The subject of the verb is in the nominative 
case. 

Which of the words in the following sentences are in 
the nominative case? 

He struck me with a whip. 

We are glad to see you. 

We can make our lives sublime. 

She heard the news. 

The lightning flashed and the thunder rolled. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule. 



122 Exercises in English. 

163. The object of a transitive verb is in the 
objective case. 

Which of the words in the following sentences are in 
the objective case? 

I heard a loud noise. 

The boy broke the window. 

Wolfe captured Quebec. 

Crusoe took the man to his home. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule. 



164. The object of a preposition is in the objective 
case. 

Which of the words in the following sentences are in 
the objective case? 

The teacher spoke to me, and I replied to her. 

Did you speak to them ? 

The kitten sleeps upon the hearth. 

The horse is in the stable. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule. 

The prepositions are frequently omitted after verbs of 
giving or procuring, after adjectives of likeness or near- 
ness, and before nouns denoting time, place, price or 
measure. 

Name the omitted prepositions in each of the following 
sentences : 

Give me some money. 

Get me an apple. 

He is like his father. 

He lives near me. 

The house was surrounded by a wall three feet thick. 

The boy ran a mile. 

He will come next week. 

Write sentences containing words governed by prepo- 
sitions omitted. 



Exercises in English. ■ 123 

165. Name the words in the possessive case in the 
following sentences : 

Children's shoes and men's boots are for sale. 

Whittier's poems are appreciated. 

Is this your book ? 

He lost his umbrella. 

He did not heed his mother's advice. 

He found the sparrow's nest. 

Did you see the spider's web ? 

Write ten sentences containing words in the possessive 
case. 



166. A pronoun agrees with the noun for which 
it stands in gender, number and person. 

What is the gender, the number and the person of the 
pronoun in the following sentences ? 

Mary has learned her lesson. 

John has lost his top. 

The boys have forgotten their books. 

Every tree is known by its fruit. 

A wise father will reprove his son when he deserves it. 

The men worked faithfully, but they knew that their 
efforts were useless. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule. 



167. A verb agrees with its subject in number 
and person. 

What is the number and the person of the verb in the 
following sentences ? 

I am innocent. 

You are in fault. 

We are Americans. 

He is a Christian. 

They are in danger. . . 

We live in peace. 



124 Exercises in English. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule. 
Name the verbs in each sentence; name the subject 
of each. Change the person of each pronoun and write 
the sentence. Change the number of each pronoun and 
write the sentence. Use a noun in each sentence in 
the place of the pronoun and write the sentence. Change 
the tense of each verb. Add a phrase modifier to each 
verb. 

In each of the following sentences, fill the blanks with 
verbs, and tell whether the assertion of the verb is made 
of one thing or of more than one thing: 

The boy playing. 

Boys playing. 

Anna written a letter. 

Mary and Anna written letters. 

Neither Mary nor Anna written a letter. 

An Indian and two soldiers seen. 

Not an Indian nor a soldier seen. 

A bird rapidly. 

Birds rapidly. 

Three months' interest paid. 

The house, with its contents, burned. 

Neither one innocent. 

Each man entitled to honor. 

When you born ? 

When each of the letters ______ been learned. 

The council divided. 

The committee to-morrow. 

The army defeated. 

Fill the blanks in the following sentences with suitable 
subjects : 

. and have been sent away. 

and are useful animals. 

Neither a nor a was seen. 



Exercises in English. 125 





fl.nri flTft TYiptals. 


The 


was dishanrlerl. 


The_ 
The_ 


are disbanded. 

was destroyed by the storm. 



Make five sentences each containing two singular sub- 
jects connected by and. 

Make five sentences each containing two phiral sub- 
jects connected by and. 

Make five sentences each containing two singular sub- 
jects connected by or or nor. 

Make five sentences each containing two plural sub- 
jects connected by or or nor. 

Write five sentences each containing a singular and a 
plural subject connected by or or nor. 

Write five sentences containing a collective noun ex- 
pressing a singular idea as the subject. 

Write five sentences containing a collective noun ex- 
pressing a plural idea as the subject. 

Write five sentences containing singular nouns con- 
nected by and^ but referring to one thing as the sub- 
ject. 

Write five sentences each containing several singular 
subjects connected by and and modified by each^ every 
no., not, either or neither. 



168. Conjunctions connect the -words and sen- 
tences bet-ween -which they stand. Conjunctions 
connect the same cases of nouns and pronouns and 
the same moods and tenses of verbs. 

Examples : — 

He screamed and acted like a madman. 

Not a leaf nor a flower was seen. 

The girl is singing, and her brother is playing. 

I met the farmer and his brother. 



126 Exercises in English. 

Will you go with him and me? 
You and I are not mistaken. 

Name the mood and tense of each verb. Give the case 
of the pronouns connected. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate the first rule. 
Write ten sentences to illustrate the second rule. 



169. Write ten sentences to illustrate each of the fol- 
lowing rules : 

Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. 

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other ad- 
verbs. 

Participles modify nouns and pronouns. 

Participles from transitive verbs govern the ob- 
jective case. 



170. The infinitive mood is governed by the verb, 
adjective or noun on which it depends. 

Examples : — 

It is difficult to understand the mysteries of life. 

Charles loves to do good. 

They are willing to stop. 

It is not necessary to urge him. 

They have a desire to go. 

It is a disgrace to be cowardly. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate each point named in 
the rule. 

Name the verbs in the infinitive mood. 



171. A noun or pronoun in apposition vrith another 
noun or pronoun agrees vrith it in case. 

Which nouns in the following sentences are used in 
apposition with other nouns ? 



Exercises in English. 127 

William the Conqueror defeated the Saxons. 

You have deceived him your protector. 

The Franks, a German tribe, invaded France. 

Have you ever heard of Daniel Boone, the pioneer of 
Kentucky ? 

Washington, the first President of the United States, 
died in 1799. 

Write ten sentences to illustrate the rule. 



172. Mary, have you written your lessons? 

John, will you help me ? 

Mary, write your lessons. 

John, help me. 

In these sentences, name the verb ; its subject ; its 
object; the modifiers of the object. 

What words in each sentence do not have any gram- 
matical connection with the rest of the sentence ? 

In what person is each of these words ? 

A noun or a pronoun addressed, or so used that its case 
is not dependent upon any other word in the sentence, is 
said to be in the nominative case independent. 

Name the words in the following sentences that are in 
the nominative case independent : 

Poor beast, I pity thee ! 

Gentlemen, listen to my appeal. 

Fellow-citizens, I appeal to you. 

Girls, come into the house. 

John, you must improve your time. 

Mary, do try to succeed to-day ! 

Alas, poor Yorick ! I knew him well. 

He that hath, to him shall be given. 

Notice the punctuation. 

Give five examples of words used in the nominative 
case independent. 



128 Exercises in English. 

173. Bonaparte being conquered, the king returned 
to Paris. 

Spring returning, we left the island. 

Mary having departed, we returned. 

She, distrusting you, told me the secret. 

In these sentences, name the participles ; the verbs ; 
the subjects of the verbs ; the modifiers of the subject 
and of the predicate. 

What words in each sentence do not have any gram- 
matical connection with the rest of the sentence? 

Before what part of speech is each of these words 
placed ? 

A noun or a pronoun put before a participle, and hav- 
ing no dependence upon the rest of the sentence, is said 
to be in the nominative case absolute. 

Name the words in the following sentences that are in 
the nominative case absolute : 

The rule being observed, order was restored. 

Austria being conquered, the Prussian army returned 

The sun having risen, we commenced our journey. 

Shame being lost, all virtue was lost. 

The war being over, the people returned to their homes. 

Notice the punctuation. 

Give five sentences each containing a word used in the 
nominative case absolute. 



174. Arrange each of the following extracts in prose 
order : 

On a mountain, stretched beneath a hoary willow. 
Lay a shepherd swain, and viewed the rolling billow. 

Beside the bed where parting life was laid 
The reverend champion stood. 



Exercises in English. 129 

On some fond breast the parting soul relies, 
Some pious drops the closing eye requires ) 

E'en from the tomb the voice of nature cries, 
E'en in our ashes live their wonted fires. 

Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife 
Their sober wishes never learned to stray ; 

Along the cool sequestered vale of life 

They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. 

By the old high-road I find 

(The weeds their story tell), 
With fallen curb and filled with stones, 

A long-forgotten well. 

To heaven the sage upraised his wand : 
Back rolled the deluge from the land ; 
Back to its caverns sank the gale ; 
Fled from the noon the vapors pale ; 
Broad burned again the joyous sun : 
The hour of wrath and death was done. 

Idle, after dinner, in his chair, 
Sat a farmer, ruddy, fat and fair. 



175. Syllabus. 

A word formed by adding self or selves to a personal 
pronoun is called a compound personal pronoun. 

A word which connects in the manner of a conjunc- 
tion, and which also relates to an antecedent word, is 
called a relative pronoun. 

The singular and plural forms of the relative are the 
same. 

What and that have no variation of form. 
9 



130 Exercises in English. 

A relative pronoun joined with ever or soever is called 
a compound relative pronoun. 

The relative pronouns who, which and what, when used 
in asking questions, are called interrogative relative 
pronouns. 

A word that may be used as an adjective or as a pro- 
noun is called an adjective pronoun or a pronominal 
adjective. 

Sentences are declarative, interrogative or imper- 
ative with respect to their use. 

In a sentence, an expression which contains a subject 
and a predicate is called a clause. 

Sentences, with respect to their form, are simple, com- 
plex or compound. 

Verbs are transitive or intransitive, regular or ir- 
regular, or auxiliary. 

Voice is that form of the transitive verb which shows 
whether the subject of the verb acts or is acted upon. 

There are two voices — the active voice and the pas- 
sive voice. 

Transitive verbs only have voice. 

Mood is a variation in the form of a verb to denote 
the manner in which the assertion is made of the sub- 
ject. 

Finite verbs have four moods — the indicative mood, 
the subjunctive mood, the potential mood and the 
imperative mood. 

The indicative and subjunctive moods have six tenses 
— the present tense, the past tense, the future tense, 
the present perfect tense, the past perfect tense and 
the future perfect tense. 

A participle is a word derived from a verb, and which 
partakes of the nature of either a verb, an adjective or a 
noun. 

There are three classes of participles — the present par- 



Exercises in English. 131 

ticiple, the past or perfect participle and the com- 
pound perfect participle. 

Verbs have a progressive form and an emphatic 
form. 

Verbs which are not limited by either person or num- 
ber are said to be in the infinitive mood. 

A noun or a pronoun added to another noun or pro- 
noun, either to explain or to emphasize, is said to be 
in apposition. 

Modifiers are either single words, phrases or clauses. 

Phrases are either adjective or adverbial. 

Clauses are either adjective, adverbial or substantive. 





PART IV 



176. Read the following stories, and reproduce them 
in your own language : 

Author. 

The Boston Tea-Party George Bancroft. 

Little Jerry the Miller John G. Saxe. 

The First Voyage of Colum- 
bus C.C. Coffin. 

Captain John Smith ........ John Esten Cooke. 

The Captives C. C. Coffin. 

Washington in the Wilder- 
ness John Esten Cooke. 

Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving. 

The Betrothal of Evangeline . . H. W. Longfellow. 

Abraham Davenport John G. Whittier. 

The Deacon's Masterpiece Oliver W. Holmes. 

Giant Despair John Bunyan. 

The Wreck David Copperfield (Dick- 
ens). 

Overboard William Black. 

Little Lord Fauntleroy, Chap- 
ters IX., XV Frances H. Burnett. 

132 



Exercises in English. 133 

177. Read the following poems, and express the 
thought or narrative in prose form: 

Author. 

Marco Bozzaris Halleck. 

Waterloo Byron. 

Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers . . Mrs. Hemans. 
Lochinvar Marmion (Sir Walter 

Scott). 
The Fox at the Point of Death. . .Gay. 

Midsummer Trowbridge. 

The Builders Longfellow. 

The Old Continentals G-. H. McMaster. 

The Combat, Canto V Lady of the Lake (Sir 

Walter Scott). 

The Vagabonds J. T. Trowbridge. 

Nauhaught, the Deacon Whittier. 

The Pipes at Lucknow Whittier. 

Paul Pevere's Ride Lone-fellow. 



178. Read the following selections, and give the 
thought or description in your own words : 

Author. 

In School-Days Whittier. 

A Man Overboard Victor Hugo. 

Execution of Marie Antoinette Carlyle. 

The Revolutionary Alarm Bancroft. 

The Corn Song Whittier. 

The Village Preacher Goldsmith. 

Elegy in a Country Churchyard Gray. 

Studies Francis Bacon. 

A Back-Log Study C. D. Warner. 

The Alhambra by Moonlight. Irving. 

Bingen on the Rhine Mrs. Norton. 



134 Exercises in English. 



Author, 

The Glove and the Lions , Leigh Hunt. 

Solomon and the Bees J. G. Saxe. 

Winter Beauty Gail Hamilton. 



179. Write such a description of each of the follow- 
ing objects as would enable a person who had never seen 
the object to comprehend it : 

A table, a chair, a trunk. 

A stool, a bench, a plough. 

A lounge, a book, a piano. 

A flute, a gun, a pen. 

A cart, a wheelbarrow. 

A boat, a slate, a lead-pencil. 

A window, a goblet, a bottle. 

An umbrella, a hat, a skate. 



180. Show by a written description the points of 
resemblance and difference between each of the follow- 
ing pairs of objects : 

A cup and a saucer. 

A goblet and a tumbler. 

A bucket and a tub. 

A tea-kettle and a coffee-pot. 

A dog and a cat. 

A mouse and a rat. 

A horse and a cow. 

A sheep and a goat. 

An apple and a pear. 

A strawberry and a raspberry. 

A cherry and a grape. 

A crow and a pigeon. 

A rose and a lily. 



Exercises in English. 135 

A tree and a shrub. 

A duck and a goose. 

A tulip and a fuchsia. 

A tomato and a canteloupe. 

A base-ball and a marble. 



181. In writing about a subject, we should consider 
it from several points of view, and write about each 
point in succession. For instance, in writing a compo- 
sition about " Snow," we should think first of its forma- 
tion ; then of snow falling ; then of fallen snow ; then of 
its uses, its dangers ; then of its attendant pleasures, etc. 
Each of these divisions may be subdivided. In every 
composition, a methodical arrangement of this kind is 
essentially necessary. 

Show how you would treat each of the following sub- 
jects by making the necessary divisions and subdivis- 
ions : 

Coal ; Paper ; Railroads ; Canals ; The Government of 
a State ; The Productions of a State ; Cotton ; Books ; 
Wool ; Fruits ; Metals ; Insects ; Domestic Animals ; 
Wild Animals j Agriculture ; Furs ; History of a Pair 
of Boots. 



182. Write compositions upon each of the following 
subjects. Write out first the divisions and subdivisions 
of the subject, and then expand into paragraphs : 

Dwelling-Houses ; Exercise ; Money ; Fresh Air; Kind- 
ness to Animals ; Fire ; Trades ; Cleanliness ; Trees ; Man- 
ners ; Parks ; The Chinese ; The Post-Office ; An Agricult- 
ural Fair; The Custom-House ; The Township Govern- 
ment; A Day's Fishing; A School-Picnic; The Mint; 
Leather ; Molasses ; Pins ; An Election ; Tramps ; Games ; 



136 Exercises in English. 

Almanacs; Grass; The Moon; Saturday; Arbor Day; 
Decoration Day; Thanksgiving Day; Slang; Standard 
Time; "I can't;" "I forgot;" "If;" " I don't care." 



183. Write the following business communiciitions : 

A ten-word telegraphic message containing two or more 
statements : 

A statement of a customer's account, with a request to 
call and pay the amount. 

A circular advertising your business. 

An order for goods. 

A circular announcing the removal of your store to 
another localit}^ 

An advertisement announcing the arrival of a new 
stock of goods. 

A promissory note. 

A check payable to the order of some named per- 
son. 

An advertisement for a position as a clerk. 

A business-card for a merchant just commencing busi- 
ness. 

A letter acknowledging the receipt of money. 

An order in favor of your collector or clerk on a cus- 
tomer for the amount due you on account. 

A bill of sale transferring store-fixtures. 

An advertisement for a house you have to rent. 



184. Combine each of the following statements into 
a simple sentence : 

1. The adventurers returned to France the next year. 
They carried off one of the kings with them. This gave 
great grief to his subjects. 



■Exercises in Mnglish. 137 

2.. Albany is the capital of New York. It stands on 
the bank of the Hudson River. It is about one hundred 
miles from its mouth. 

3. Mr. Bumble rushed into the room. He was greatly 
excited. He addresed the chairman. He said, " Mr. Pres- 
ident-, I beg your pardon, sir ! Oliver Twist has- asked for 
more." 

4. The room was only twenty feet square. The win- 
dows were small and obstructed. It was the middle of 
summer. The number of prisoners was one hundred and 
forty-six. 

5. The doctor was reading some manuscript. The doc- 
tor had a pleasant smile on his face. The doctor was 
seated in an easy-chair. 

6. He was at London. He was in the company's 
office. He was secretary. He spent two years thus. 
He was sent up the river. He was to take charge of a 
station. The station was on the Ganges. 

7. Columbus set sail the next morning. The day was 
Friday. It was the 3d of August. It was the year 1492. 
A vast crowd of people had assembled. 

8. A company of merchants took possession of the 
place. This was two years before. They formed a set- 
tlement there. . The}^ intended to trade with the natives. 

9. He obtained the services of two guides. These 
guides were experienced men. He began his march to 
the fort. He took with him all his available force. 

10. It was a magnificent palace. A cottage stood 
near the entrance. The cottage was old and in ruins. 
A weaver lived in it. He was poor. He was contented. 



185. Combine each of the following statements into a 
compound sentence : 
1, The sailors were unable to remain on the deck. 



138 Exercises m English. 

They climbed into the rigging. They saw no way of 
escape. They gave themselves up for lost. 

2. He passed through many trials. He assumed many 
disguises. He wandered about in great peril for forty 
days. He escaped in a sloop from Mobile. Mobile is in 
Alabama. He arrived in a few days at Savannah. Sa- 
vannah is in Georgia. 

3. Two Englishmen traded there for a number of 
years. Their names were Elliot and Thorne. They 
were under the protection of the king. They obtained 
many valuable furs. They got them from the Indians. 

4. One day a violent storm arose. It came up sud- 
denly. It drove the men from their work. Their ladder 
was fastened to the cliff. They had to leave it there. 

5. They saw their leader fall. They thought him killed. 
They gave up the contest at once. This was in accordance 
with the practice of their ancestors. 



186. Combine each of the following statements into 
a complex sentence: 

1. A bold expedient occurred to him. A good many 
people would have hesitated to attempt it. He carried it 
through successfully. 

2. The long quarrel soon commenced. It distracted 
India. It was afterward renewed in England. The 
most eminent statesmen and orators took part in it. 
They were on one side or the other. 

3. His reputation is blemished by great crimes. It is 
impossible to deny this. Still, he had rendered great 
public service. In justice to him this should be borne 
in mind. 

4. He ordered him to be seized and disarmed. He 
then conducted hirn to Gessler. Gessler questioned him. 



■Exercises in English^ 139 

He answered him very haughtily. Gessler was, in con- 
sequence, surprised and angry. 

5. A poor woman heard of his great humanity. She 
wrote him a letter. In it she urged him to send her 
something for her son. Her son was ill. He was un- 
able to work. 



187. Combine each of the following statements into 
a compound sentence whose members shall be complex : 

1. There was a beautiful youth. His name was Nar- 
cissus. One day he was hunting in the forest. He lost 
sight of his companions. He was looking for them. He 
chanced to see the fountain. It was flashing in the sun- 
light. 

2. We were all strangers to one another. There was 
no one to introduce us. Consequently, an awkward si- 
lence followed. We looked out of the windows. We 
hoped every moment for his arrival. 



188. Break up each of the following paragraphs into 
a series of short simple sentences : 

1. Before the epitaph Mr. Gray originally inserted a 
beautiful stanza which was printed in some of the first 
editions, but which he afterward omitted because he 
thought that it was too long a parenthesis in this place. 

2. My mile walk under the great chestnut trees that 
morning was unusually silent, for I was preparing my 
argument, and especially I was dwelling upon what I 
should say and how I should look if they would really 
turn on me. 

3. 'Tis weary watching wave by wave, 
And yet the tide heaves onward ; 



140 Exercises in English. 

. We climb, like corals, grave by grave, 
But pave a path that's sunward ; 

We're beaten back in many a fray, 
But never strength we borrow. 

And where the vanguard camps to-day 
The rear shall rest to-morrow. 



189. Contract the following sentences to simple ones: 

Have you heard how the dispute ended ? 

I know no other way in which it can be done. 

You asked me a question, but I did not hear you. 

It is probable that he has departed. 

He is sick, and, consequently, unable to attend to it. 

We had to adjourn because there was not a quorum 
present. 

I have heard the news which he brought to the village. 

After we had disputed a long while, I agreed to do the 
work. 

When he perceived this, he ordered the dragoons to 
advance. 

Those who lived near the stream became alarmed, and 
fled to the hills for safety. 

The fear that they might escape while he was absent 
made him uneasy. 



190. In the following exercises change the compound 
sentences to complex, and the complex to compound 
sentences : 

He had been absent from home, and therefore knew 
nothing about it. 

You must do it, or I'll punish you. 

I wrote to him, but, he has not replied. 

He was sick, but h^Med to finish it 



Exercises in English: 141 

He would not go to the city when I wished him to go. 

The committee, who are responsible for the failure, de- 
serve to be censured. 

I will come when you send for me. 

It was a difficult task, but he determined to do it. 

He offered to divide the money which he received for 
the service equally among them. 



191. In the following extracts, arrange the words in 
as many ways as possible without changing the sense : 

The daisy, by the shadow that it casts, 
Protects the lingering dewdrop from the sun. 

Not always shall the slave uplift 
His heavy hands to heaven in vain. 

The good man sat beside his door 
One sultry afternoon. 

From peak to peak, the rattling crags 
Among, leaps the live thunder. 

All day for us the smith shall stand 
Beside the flashing forge. 

"Whosoever speaketh of another's failings with pleasure 
shall hear of his own with shame. 

The tissues of the life to be 

We weave with colors all our own. 

We are builders, and each one 

Should cut and carve as best he may. 
Every life is but a stone : 
Every man should hew his own. 



142 Exercises in Miglish. 

It is the greatest courage to be able to bear the impu- 
tation of the want of courage. 

Habit is a cable. We weave a thread of it each day, 
and it becomes so strong we cannot break it. 



192. Arrange in the natural prose order: 

They sat them down upon the yellow sand, 
Between the sun and moon, upon the shore. 

And sweet it was to dream of fatherland. 

And child, and wife, and slave ; but evermore 

Most wearied seemed the sea, weary the bar. 
Weary the wandering fields of barren foam. 

Howe'er it be, it seems to me 

'Tis only noble to be good ; 
Kind hearts are more than coronets, 

And simple faith than Norman blood. 

There are defeats that mar the plans we cherish 
That may be trimphs in the years to come, 

And battle-scars that we shall wear as trophies 
Of victories won when we have wandered home. 

Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever ; 

Do noble things, not dream them, all day long ; 
And so make life, death and that vast for ever 
One grand, sweet song. 



193. Substitute words or phrases of equivalent mean- 
ing for those italicised : 

He studied with energy^ and made a more than human 
effort to enter college. 



Exercises in English. 143 

The tree has stood in that 'place for more than a hun- 
dred years. 

He spoke with contempt of the policy of the President. 

In what place and at what time shall I meet you ? 

The various tribes were successively subjugated by the im- 
perial armies. 

As we went out of the room they came into it. 

The queen was reluctantly compelled to order his execu- 
tion. 

If that does not suffice to induce him to surrender it, I 
shall have recourse to sterner measures. 

Eventually he succeeded in liberating him from bondage. 

Amidst all these vicissitudes he remained constant to his 
original purpose. 

They found it after a long search. 

He behaved like a gentleman. 

He has applied for admission. 

I have not the pleasure of his acquaintance. 

It is not my intention to do so. 

It caused him great annoyance. 

He received due notice of his appointment. 



194. Substitute other words in the following extract 
for those printed in italics: 

About two hours before midnight, Columbus, standing 
on the forecastle, observed a light at a distance, and pointed- 
it out to two of his people. All three saw it in motion, as 
if it were carried from place to place. A little after mid- 
night the joyful sound of " Land ! Land !" was heard from 
the Pinta. But, having been so often deceived by fallacious 
appearances, they were now become slow of belief, and waited 
in all the anguish of impatience for the return of day. 



144 Exercises in English. 

195. Change the following from the direct to the indi- 
rect form of narration : 

" Childj will you tell me how to help it?" said the 
mother, taking hold of her daughter's hand. " I do not 
give myself these dreams, and yet they come. How can 
I help these things, I ask?" 

" I have no doubt you think so, John," said Mr. Jones ; 
" but if you had been away from your own country as 
long as I have, you would love everything that reminded 
you of home and country." 

"Well," said the peasant, with a scornful laugh, "the 
wood was mine. I had a right to ask just what I pleased 
for it, and no one has a right to call my conduct in ques- 
tion." 

" What are you doing here ?" said the officer, sternly, 
to the soldier. " Why are you not in your place with the 
rest ? Did you not hear the orders given this morning ?" 



196. Change the following from the indirect to the 
direct form of narrative: 

He implored them by all they held most dear, by all 
the ties that bound them to their country, not to reject 
the bill they were then considering. 

They told him they had complied with his directions, 
and they wanted him to fulfil the promise which he had 
made to them previously. The tailor told them to wait 
till he went out and bought a piece of cloth ; when he 
returned, they would hear what he expected them to do. 

He told them he had an appointment that evening, and 
would, therefore, be unable to attend. 

The teacher asked her if she had shown her work to 



Exercises in English. 145 

any of the girls that were sitting near her, and she replied 
that she had not shown it to any one, at any time. 



197. Figures of Speech. 

In the following extracts, what comparisons are made ? 
How is the comparison introduced? Are the objects com- 
pared similar ? 

Simile is a formal comparison or likening" of 
things that are in most respects dissimilar. 

Rewrite the extract, expressing in plain language the 
idea contained in the simile. 

A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures 
of silver. 

Sweet are the uses of adversity, 

Which, like the toad ugly and venomous, 

Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. 

I have ventured 
Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders 
This many summers in a sea of glory. 

The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold. 

White as the snow were his locks, and his cheeks as 
brown as the oak-leaves. 

His memory is like wax to receive impressions, and 
like marble to retain them. 

The gloom hung like a cloud over the people. 

He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water. 

And when she had passed, it was like the ceasing of 
exquisite music. 

Like an awakened conscience, the sea was tossing and 
moaning. 

Man, like the generous vine, supported, lives. 

10 



146 Exercises in English. 

Thou shalt be as the chaff which the wind driveth 
away. 

He is as swift as the wind and as firm as a rock. 
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea. 

But pleasures are like poppies spread ; 
You seize the flower : the bloom is shed ; 
Or like the snowflake on the river, 
A moment white, then gone for ever. 

Give other examples of simile. 



198. In the following extracts, what resemblances are 
made? Is there any term of comparison used? Are 
the objects similar in one point or in all? How would 
you turn the expression into a simile? 

A metaphor is a figure founded upon the resem- 
blance which one object bears to another in some 
of its attributes or actions. 

It differs from the simile in the fact that the term of 
comparison is omitted. 

Rewrite the extract, expressing in plain language the 
idea contained in the metaphor. 

He is the pillar of the state. 

Man ! thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear I 

An angler in the tides of fame. 

All flesh is grass. 

All the world's a stage. 

In peace thou art the gale of spring ; in war, the moun- 
tain-storm. 

The Lord is my Shepherd. 

One burnished sheet of living gold. 
Loch Katrine lay beneath him rolled. 



Exercises in English. 147 



Thy word is a lamp to my feet. 
My life is a wreck. 

Love is the ladder an which we climb 
To a likeness with God. 

Love is a sudden blaze which soon decays. 
Knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. 

Hale and hearty he was, 
An oak that is covered with snowflakes. 

The familiar lines 
Are footpaths for the thoughts of Italy. 

Judah is a lion's whelp. 

Give other examples of metaphor. 



199. In the following extracts, point out the peculi- 
arity of expression. Is the expression true ? What sub- 
stitution has taken place ? What change of name ? 

Metonymy is a figure in which the name of one 
object is put for the name of some other object 
with which it is so closely connected that the 
mention of one suggests the other. 

The kettle boils. 

The drunkard loves his bottle. 

He writes a beautiful hand. 

Man shall live by the sweat of his brow. 

The dish is well cooked. 

I am reading Milton. 

The pen is mightier than the sword. 

Gray hairs should be respected. 

They have Moses and the prophets. 

He keeps a good table. 



148 Exercises in English. 

They smote the city. 

The hedges are white with May. 

He succeeded to the throne. 

To-day, bayonets think. 

God is our salvation. 

The sceptre shall not depart from Judah. 

Hear, O Israel ! 

He drank a bottle of wine. 

You will address the Chair. 

Change each of the expressions given to plain lan- 
guage, and tell which of them are based upon the re- 
lations of cause and effect ; subject and attribute ; con- 
tainer and thing contained; sign and thing signified; 
place and inhabitant; Creator and thing created. 

Give other examples of metonymy. 



200. In the following extracts, point out the peculi- 
arity of expression. Is there any change of name, as in 
metonymy? Are there two related objects? 

Synecdoche is a figure by which we give to an 
object a name which expresses something" more or 
something less than we intend. 

Synecdoche names the part for the whole or the whole 
for the part. 

This roof protects me. 

Give us this day our daily bread. 

A sail passed in the distance. 

They have taken away my Lord. 

All the world should be taxed. 

Twenty head of cattle were bought. 

He earns his bread. 

Man returns to the dust. 

She has seen sixteen summers. 

An old man of ninety winters. , - -''y^^ 



Exercises in English. 149 

How many hands are employed ? 
The world will not understand your motive. 
Change each of the above expressions to plain lan- 
guage. 

Give other examples of synecdoche. 



201. In the following extracts, tell what inanimate 
things are considered as having the attributes of per- 
sons. In which of them is this result produced by the 
use of pronouns ? In which by adjectives ? In which 
by verbs? In which by direct address? 

Personification is the attributing to inanimate 
things and to the lower animals the qualities of 
persons. 

The fox said to the crow, " Beautiful creature, what a 
sweet voice you have !" 

The mountains sing together; the hills rejoice and clap 
their hands. 

The sun rose in his splendor. 

A raging storm prevailed. 

The thirsty ground was glad. 

Put on thy strength, O Zion ; put on thy beautiful gar- 
ments, O Jerusalem. 

She was a victim of a deceitful disease. 

Hope for a season bade the world farewell, 
And Freedom shrieked when Kosciusko fell. 

I heard the trailing garments of the Night 
Sweep through her marble halls. 

White Winter, that rough nurse, 
Rocks the dead-cold Year to-day. 



150 Exercises in English. 

Weariness 
Can snore upon the flint when rusty Sloth 
Finds the down pillow hard. 

The moon sheds forth her silver light. 

Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again. 

The depth saith. It is not in me ; and 
The sea saith. It is not with me. 

For weeks the clouds had raked the hills 
And vexed the vales with raining. 

And all the woods were sad with mist, 
And all the brooks complaining. 

Change each of the above expressions to plain lan- 
guage. 

Give other examples of personification. 



202. In the following extracts, state to whom the 
address is made. Are the parties addressed absent or 
present ? animate or inanimate ? dead or alive ? 

Apostrophe is a turning away from the regular 
course of thought, and, instead of speaking of an 
object, speaking to it. 

O Absalom, my son, my son, Absalom ! Would God 
I had died for thee, Absalom, my son, my son ! 

Death is swallowed up in victory. Death, where is 
thy sting? Grave, where is thy victory ? 

What ailest thee, thou sea, that thou fleddest? thou 
Jordan, that thou wast driven back ? 

And I have loved thee, Ocean ! 

Give other examples of apostrophe. 



Exercises in English. 151 

203. What is the peculiarity in the following ex- 
tracts? Are the peculiar expressions strictly true? 
Express in plain language what each means. 

Hyperbole is a figure which represents things as 
either greater or less, better or worse, than they 
really are. 

Hyperbole is exaggeration, and the words used are not 
to be taken literally. 

The waves ran mountain-high. 

He was rougher than a bear. 

She is fairer than a lily. 

Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. 

The girl is awfully tired, but she adores ice-cream. 

Give other examples of hyperbole. 



204. What is the peculiarity in each of the following 
expressions ? Does each mean what it expresses, or is 
the opposite implied? 

Irony consists in ridiculing an object under pre- 
tence of praising it. 

No doubt but ye are the people, and wisdom shall die 
with you. 

He is surely a Solomon. 
A Daniel ! A Daniel come to judgment ! 
Cry aloud : for he is a god ; either he is talking, or he 
is pursuing, or he is on a journey, or peradventure he 
sleepeth, and must be waked. 

The upright and honest governor of Sicily will reward 
you. 

Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest 
(For Brutus is an honorable man, 
So are they all, all honorable men). 
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. 

Give other examj^les of irony. 



152 Exerdses in English. 

205. What peculiarity do you find in each of the fol- 
lowing expressions? Are the things compared or con- 
trasted? Are the things similar or unlike? 

Antithesis is a figure by which things are placed 
in opposition in order that each will appear more 
striking by contrast. 

Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 

When our vices leave us, we flatter ourselves that we 
leave them. 

I will speak of things heavenly or things earthly, 
things past or things to come, things foreign or things 
at home. 

Flattery brings friends, truth brings foes. 

Forewarned, forearmed. 

Enemies in war ; in peace, friends. 

Contrasted faults through all his manners reign. 
Though poor, luxurious ; though submissive, vain. 

The prodigal robs his heir ; the miser robs himself. 
Give other examples of antithesis. 



206. What peculiarity do you find in the arrange- 
ment of the following extracts? — 

A word from his lips might turn their hearts, might 
influence their passions, might change their opinions, 
might affect their destiny. 

A day, an hour, an instant, may prove fatal. 

And, besides this, giving all diligence, add to your faith, 
virtue ; and to virtue, knowledge ; and to knowledge, tem- 
perance ; and to temperance, patience ; and to patience, 
godliness ; and to godliness, brotherly kindness ; and to 
brotherly kindness, charity. 

Climax is a fig-ure in which the sense is made to 



Exercises in English. 153 

advance by successive steps, each step growing in 
importance above its predecessor. 

Name the successive steps in the extract given. 

Give other examples of cHmax. 



207. In the following extracts, what words are omit- 
ted ? Supply the omitted words and read the extracts. 

Ellipsis is the omission of -words necessary to 
complete the construction, but not necessary in 
conveying the meaning. 

Bad actions lead to worse. 

The world is dead to me, and I to the world. 

The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, goodness, 
faith. 

It shall be done this week. 

He lived like a prince. 

Kevenge is a stronger feeling than gratitude. 

The book is mine. 

He gave me a book. 

AVe were absent one day. 

There are some who laugh and sing and play. 

Her lips were as full as a cherry. 

My hopes and fears 
Start up alarmed, and o'er life's narrow verge 
Look down — on what ? A fathomless abyss. 

Give other examples of ellipsis. 



208. In the following extracts, name- 
rt. The parts of speech. 
h. The clauses and the use of each. 
c. The phrases and the use of each. 



154 Exercises in Efnglish. 

d. The connectives. 

e. The full predicates. 
/. The full subjects. 

g. The derivative words. 

h. The kind of sentence as to use. 

i. The kind of sentence as to form. 

j. The office or use of the several words. 

k. The verbs and their subjects. 

I The antecedents of the pronouns. 

The accusing spirit which flew up to Heaven's chancery 
with the oath, blushed as he gave it in ; and the record- 
ing angel, as he wrote it down, dropped a tear upon the 
word and blotted it out for ever. 

The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, armed 
with his primer, against the soldier in military array. 

Heaven is not gained by a single bound ; 
But we build the ladder by which we rise 
From the lowly earth to the vaulted skies, 

And we climb to its summit round by round. 

With one hand he put 
A penny in the urn of poverty, 
And with the other took a shilling out. 

The man who for party forsakes righteousness goes 
down, and the armed battalions of God march over him. 
• The angels come to visit us, and we know them only 
when they are gone. 

Vigorous, rapid, copious, not without fine touches, but 
destitute of any high, serene melody, the catbird's per- 
formance, like that of Thoreau's squirrel, always implies 
a spectator. 

The heights by great men reached and kept 
Were not attained by sudden flight, 



Exercises in English. 155 



But they, while their companions slept, 
Were toiling upward in the night. 

Stronger by weakness, wiser men become 
As they draw near to their eternal home ; 
Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view 
That stand upon the threshold of the new. 

Oh, many a shaft at random sent 
Finds mark the archer little meant, 
And many a word at random spoken 
May soothe or wound a heart that's broken. 

On the graveposts of our fathers. 
Are no signs, no .figures, painted ; 
Who are in those graves we know not — 
Only know they are our fathers. 



209. Write a sentence containing a subject phrase, 
an object phrase, an adjective phrase, an adverbial 
phrase, an independent phrase ; a subject clause, an 
object clause, an adjective clause, an adverbial clause; 
an infinitive phrase, a participial phrase, a prepositional 
phrase. 



210. Write sentences containing the word luhat, each 
sentence illustrating the word as a different part of 
speech. 

Write similar sentences containing the word that^ as, 
since, still, before, both, but, for, much. 



211. Write a sentence containing a co-ordinate con- 
junction, and tell what kind of a sentence it is. 



156 Exercises in English. 

Write a sentence containing a subordinate conjunction ; 
one containing a relative pronoun ; one containing a con- 
junctive adverb. What kind of a sentence is each one ? 

Write a sentence containing a collective noun used as 
the subject of a compound predicate. 



212. Rewrite the following sentences so that the verb 
in each shall be used in each of the voices, moods and 
tenses : 

I have seen my father. 

He hates his master. 

Labor conquers all things. 

Admittance was refused them by the gatekeeper. 

Misfortunes subdue little minds. 

Use the same verb in other sentences as an infinitive. 

Use the same verb in other sentences in its participial 
forms. 



213. Write sentences, one containing a predicate 
noun ; one containing a predicate pronoun ; one contain- 
ing a predicate adjective. 

Parse the noun, the pronoun and the adjective in the 
sentences you have given. 



214.- 

Brisk wielder of the birch and rule, 
The master of the district school 
Held at the fire his favored place ; 
Its warm glow lit a laughing face, 
Fresh-hued and fair, where scarce appeared 
The uncertain prophecy of beard. 
He teased the mitten-blinded cat, 
Played crosspins on my uncle's hat, 



Exercises in English. 157 

Sang songs and told us what befell 
In classic Dartmouth's college halls. 

a. Name the clauses, and tell what kind and what they 
modify. 

h. Name the phrases ; tell what kind and what they 
modify. 

c. Make lists of (1) the inflected words ; (2) the Eng- 
lish derivatives ; (3) the compound words ; (4) the 
nouns used as adjectives. 

d. Classify the verbs as (1) transitive or intransitive; 
(2) regular or irregular. 

e. Give the syntactical relation of wielder, fair, prophecy , 
what. 

f. Write sentences in which the following shall have a 
different grammatical value from that in the passage: 
rule, laughing^ master, place, glow, face. 



215.- 

She is not dead — the child of our affection — 

But gone unto that school 
Where she no longer needs our poor protection 

And Christ himself doth rule. 

In that great cloister's stillness and seclusion, 

By guardian angels led, 
Safe from temptation, safe from sin's pollution, 

She lives whom we call dead. 

Day after day we think what she is doing 

In those bright realms of air. 
Year after year her tender steps pursuing. 

Behold her grown more fair. 

Thus do we walk with her and keep unbroken 
The bond which nature gives, 



158 Exercises in English. 

Thinking that our remembrance, though unspoken, 
May reach her where she Hves. 

a. Classify and give the relation of the clause in line 
four. 

6. Divide the last stanza into clauses and tell the 
nature and relation of each. 

c. Analyze fully the last two lines of the third stanza. 

d. Give the use of child, safe, steps. 

e. Parse gone, himself, led, pursuing, grown, unbroken. 

f. Select all the inflected words in stanzas two and 
three, and explain the object of any of those different 
inflections. 

g. Select the English derivatives in the four stanzas. 

h. Form a compound of each of the following : child, 
school, air. 

i. Form three derivatives from each of the following : 
nature, bright, safe, sin. 

j. Classify the verbs in stanza four as transitive or in- 
transitive. 

k. Classify the preposition phrases in stanzas one and 
two according to their grammatical value. 

I. Gives. Write the third person, singular number, of 
this verb in the other tenses of the same mood. 



216. The humble boon was soon obtained : 
The aged minstrel audience gained ; 
But when he reached the room of state 
Where she with all her ladies sate. 
Perchance he wished his boon denied ; 
For when to tune the harp he tried. 
His trembling hand had lost the ease 
Which marks security to please, 



Exercises in English. 159 

And scenes long past of joy and pain 
Came 'wildering o'er his aged brain : 
He tried to tune his harp in vain. 

a. Name the phrases in the passage, and tell what each 
modifies. 

6. Name the clauses, and tell what each modifies. 

c. Parse the words italicised. 

d. Tell what is meant by the terms number^ gender^ case, 
'passive voice, and illustrate your answer by examples from 
the extract. 

e. Select from the extract four words each of which 
may be used as more than one part of speech. Name 
the part of speech, and use the word in a sentence in 
illustration. 



217. Form adjectives from the words method, effect, 
fraud, merit, fire, pay, forget, exhaust, command, horrify, 
composed. 

Form nouns from fail, propose, private, pretend, brief, re- 
solve, believe, strike, choose, live, breathe, lose, bake, build, beg, 
give, divide, know. 

Form verbs from just, prison, fertile, dew, spell, habit, 
muff, length, sermon, knee. 

Form adverbs from true, suitable, voluntary, gay, heroic, 
patient. 

Write a list of words that are either nouns or verbs 
according to the place of the accent. 



218. Divide the following words into syllables, and 
place the mark on the accented syllable: 

Immediate, grammarian, petroleum, beautiful, occupa- 
tion, nominative, composition, separation, government, 



160 Exercises in English. 

machinery, holidays, emerge, balance, absence, precede, 
industrious, abandon, profit, agree, salary. 



219. Form new words by adding another word to 
each of the following : 

Out, after, in, over, with, form. 

Write a list of words ending with the suffix hood^ ment, 
able, ible, ly, fy, en, ion, and tell what each word means. 

Write a Hst of words beginning with the prefix m, un, 
pre, pro, re, con, trans, ex, and tell what each word means. 



220. Illustrate the difference in meaning between 
the words in each of the following pairs : 
Character, reputation. 
Discover, invent. 
Legible, readable. 
Genuine, authentic. 
Keep, preserve. 
Apparent, evident. 
Disturb, interrupt. ' 
Story, anecdote. 
Relieve, alleviate. 
Bestow, confer. 
Dream, reverie. 
Artist, artisan. 
Compel, persuade. 



221. Change the italicised words in each of the fol- 
lowing sentences to other words of opposite meaning : 
Respect the old man. 
Never blame without knowledge. 



Exercises in English. 161 



You are mistaken in your judgment. 

Drive out the insolent. 

Tell me how to help him. 

Correct your errors. 

The weather is hard to endure. 

Select the proper road. 



222. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
shall or wHl^ and give the reason for the use of the word : 

you be pleased if I come ? 

When . we get out. 

you be there when the train comes? I 

be there. 

I be in time ? 



I have my own. 

I leave for Colorado to-morrow. 

You be punished. 

Mary arrive about noon. 

I put the kettle on ? 

I write to your father ? 

she come with me ? 

you have coffee ? 

you write a letter for me ? 

If your brother goes, you ? 

I go to the office? 

We call on you to-morrow. 



223. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
one of these words : he^ him, she, her, I, me : 

She says that you and may go. 

Let not boast that puts his armor on, but 

that takes it off. 



162 I]xercises in English. 

It makes no difference to either you or 

. that Cometh to me, I will in no wise cast out. 

Who is there ? It is 

You and and will manage the affair. 

If I were , I would resent it. 

Will you let Mar}^ and go home ? 

When you saw and , we were walk- 
ing. 

It is neither nor that is wanted. 



224. Fill tlie following blanks with tre, /y.s', they, them.: 

That is good doctrine for Americans. 

It is not , but , whom we seek to 

please. 

Did you say that , or , were chosen? 

Let none touch it but who are clean. 

It was whom you saw. 

Could it have been who did the mischief? 



225. Fill the following blanks with who or ivhom: 

He knew not they were. 

He married a French lady they say was very 

pretty. 

do men say that I am ? 

is it that you wish to see ? 

do you wish to see ? 

She is a lady I know will interest you. 



226. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
the proper parts of sit or set : 

He out for Washington yesterday. 

The hen is on thirteen eggs. 



Exercises in English. 163 



down and rest a while. 



We on the front seat of the carriage. 

The sun , farther North in June than in De- 
cember. 

The basket on the table where you 

it yesterday. 

It there all night. 

Her dress well until she down. 

He was up in bed when the doctor called. 



227. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
the proper parts of lie or lay : 

I remember when the first rail was 

He has there for an hour. 

I told him to . . . his books on the table and 

. down and rest. 



Let the book there. 

I must down. 

There let him 

I must myself down. 

The lady said she down for an hour or two 

every afternoon. 

He on the grass. 

He has by a sum of money for a rainy day. 

He on the floor. 

The hen eggs. 

I my books on the desk. 

The cat in front of the fire. 



228. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with 
the proper parts of rise or raise : 

The landlord his rent. 

The river three feet last night. 



254 Exercises in English. 



The river is still rapidly. 

I have very early this week. 

Fine corn is in Kansas. 

The sun from behind the mountain. 

jje up in the House and addressed the 

Speaker. 

. from your seat. 

your arm. 

They have — from their seats. 




The -^^Kii. End. 



NOV 26 1904 



